Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

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been in low supply

Толкование Перевод

1 been in low supply

имел недостаточное снабжение

English-Russian dictionary of logistics > been in low supply
2 low

1. n самый низкий уровень

to reach a new low — снова упасть

low bass — низкий бас

low tone — низкий тон

low grade — низкий сорт

low price — низкая цена

low water — низкая вода

2. n обыкн. низина

low oozy meadow — болотистая низина

topographic low — топографическая низина

3. n метеор. область низкого барометрического давления; циклон

low yield — низкий доход

low bounce — низкий прыжок

low crouch — низкий присед

low level — низкий уровень

low comedy — низкая комедия

4. n карт. младший козырь

low order bytes — младший байт

low order byte — младший байт

low cores — младшие ячейки

low byte — младший байт

5. n фоска

6. n спорт. самый маленький счёт

low play — игра по маленькой

to play for low stakes — играть по маленькой

7. n авт. первая, низшая скорость

on a low level — на низком уровне; в низших инстанциях

low speed control — управление на малых скоростях

low speed conrol — управление на малых скоростях

low rate tape — лента с малой скоростью протяжки

low explosive limit — низший предел взрываемости

8. a низкий, невысокий

low wall — низкая стена

low range of hills — невысокий ряд холмов

low forehead — низкий лоб

low latitudes — низкие широты

low pressure — низкое давление

low frequency — радио, низкая частота

low polymer — низший полимер

low trajectory — настильная траектория

low head — малый напор воды

low cover — подрост, нижний ярус

low gear — низшая передача

of low stature — невысокого роста

low cost — низкая стоимость

low grinding — низкий помол

low jar — невысокая баночка

low speed — низкая скорость

low bar — низкая перекладина

9. a низкий, низменный

trees growing in low, shady places — деревья, растущие в низких тенистых местах

low pressure warning switch — сигнализатор низкого давления

low fuel level indicator — указатель низкого уровня топлива

low core loss steel — сталь с низкими потерями в сердечнике

low standard of competitions — низкий уровень соревнований

low pressure air system — система воздуха низкого давления

10. a низкий, ниже обычного или желаемого уровня

low price — низкая цена

low attendance — плохая посещаемость

low level of employment — низкий уровень занятости, большая безработица

low visibility — плохая видимость

low tide — отлив, малая вода

to get low — понижаться, падать

the well is low — вода в колодце стоит на низком уровне

low ceiling — низкий потолок

low curling — низкие завитки

low krausen — низкие завитки

low preflight — низкий замах

low threshold — низкий порог

11. a открытый

low slippers — открытые туфли

12. a тихий, негромкий

low whisper — тихий шёпот

to speak in a low voice — говорить тихим голосом

13. a низкого происхождения, низкого социального положения

all sorts of people, high and low — всякие люди, люди разных классов

low area — циклон, область низкого давления

low level i/o — ввод - вывод низкого уровня

low rate of exchange — низкий валютный курс

very low frequencies — очень низкие частоты

year's low — наиболее низкий в течение года

14. a невысокоразвитый, стоящий на низкой ступени цивилизации

low tribes — племена, стоящие на низкой ступени развития

low risk postal area — почтовая зона малого риска

low frequency oscillator — генератор низкой частоты

straddle over low bar — перемах ноги врозь над н.ж.

low coupon bond — облигация с низкой купонной ставкой

low interest loan — ссуда с низкой процентной ставкой

15. a биол. низший

low forms of life — низшие формы жизни

low life — жизнь низших классов общества

low quality — низкое качество; низший сорт

16. a вульгарный, грубый; низкий; невоспитанный

low manners — плохие манеры; вульгарные манеры

low language — сквернословие

low fellow — невоспитанный человек, хам

low spreading — низкая степень растекания

low income family — семья с низким доходом

low center of gravity — низкий центр тяжести

low compressor — компрессор низкого давления

low friction piston — поршень низкого трения

17. a низкий, подлый

low trick — подлая выходка

low cunning — коварство; изворотливость

medium low — умеренно низкий

low pH — низкий показатель pH

low tempering — низкий отпуск

low H-bar — низкая перекладина

low arabesque — низкий арабеск

18. a слабый, пониженный, небольшой

low pulse — слабый пульс

low state of health — слабое здоровье

low roughness — слабая шероховатость

low inhibition — слабое ингибирование

low memory — память небольшой емкости

low volume — небольшой обьем; небольшой

low drag — небольшое лобовое сопротивление

19. a слабый, подавленный

to be feeling low — чувствовать себя неважно

low light — слабое освещение

low cohesion — слабая связность

low isolation — слабая развязка

low persistence — слабая стойкость

low strength gelatine — слабо желирующий желатин

20. a подавленный, униженный

to bring low — подавлять, угнетать; унижать

to be a cup too low — быть в подавленном настроении

21. a плохой, неблагоприятный

low audibility — плохая слышимость

his fortunes were at a low ebb — дела у него шли плохо

low visibility takeoff — взлет в условиях плохой видимости

low visibility landing — посадка в условиях плохой видимости

22. a скудный, недостаточный; непитательный; истощённый, исчерпанный

in low supply — дефицитный

to run low — истощаться

to be low in pocket — остаться без денег

to be in low supply — быть дефицитным

oil is in low supply — нефти не хватает; нефть поступает в недостаточном количестве

been in low supply — имел недостаточное снабжение

23. a церк. принадлежащие к низкой церкви

buy low — купить по низкой цене

low coupon — купон с низкой ставкой

low offer — предложение по низкой цене

low assay silver — серебро низкой пробы

too low — слишком низко; слишком низкий

24. adv низко

low at board — на конце стола

to bow low — низко кланяться; отвесить низкий поклон

to aim low — целить низко

to hang low — висеть низко

to sink low in the water — глубоко погрузиться в воду

stocks are running low — запасы кончаются

I hope I shall never fall as low as that — я надеюсь, что никогда не паду так низко

low enough — достаточно низкий

low priority — низкий риоритет

of low degree — низкого звания

high and low — высокий и низкий

low finish — низкая упитанность

25. adv тихо, негромко

to speak low — говорить тихо

26. adv на низких нотах

he cannot get so low — он не может взять такую низкую ноту

low inflation currency — валюта с низкими темпами инфляции

low intermediate frequency — низкая промежуточная частота

low assay — проба с низким содержанием ценного компонента

low weather operations — полеты по низким метеоминимумам

output LOW voltage — выходное напряжение низкого уровня

27. adv дёшево, по дешёвой цене

to buy low — покупать дёшево, купить по дешёвке

low priced shares — акции с низкой рыночной ценой

the goods brought low prices — товар продан по низкой цене

28. adv скудно; бедно, в бедности

to live low — жить в бедности, скудно питаться

rear lying support hang on low bar — вис лежа сзади на н.ж.

front lying support hang on low bar — вис лежа на н.ж.

very low frequency antenna — антенна диапазона СДВ

mean low water — средний уровень малых вод

low spot — углубление в шве

29. adv слабо

to burn low — слабо гореть

low fires — слабые огни

low pulse — слабый пульс

low binding — слабая связь

low coupling — слабая связь

30. adv поздно, недавно

you can find it as low as the 18th century — это можно обнаружить ещё и в XVIII веке

31. n мычание

32. v мычать

Синонимический ряд:

1. cheap (adj.) cheap; economical; inexpensive; low cost; low-cost; low-priced; popular; reasonable; uncostly; undear

2. coarse (adj.) coarse; crass; crude; gross; incult; inelegant; raw; rough; rude; uncouth; uncultivated; uncultured; unpolished; unrefined; vulgar

3. deep (adj.) bass; deep; low-pitched

4. downcast (adj.) bad; blue; cast down; chapfallen; crestfallen; dejected; depressed; disconsolate; dispirited; doleful; down; downcast; downhearted; down-in-the-mouth; downthrown; droopy; dull; gloomy; heartsick; heartsore; heavy-hearted; hipped; low-spirited; melancholic; melancholy; miserable; moody; mopey; sad; saddened; soul-sick; spiritless; sunk; unhappy; woebegone

5. flat (adj.) flat; level; squat; stumpy

6. humble (adj.) humble; insignificant; paltry; unimportant

7. ignoble (adj.) baseborn; ignoble; lowborn; meek; plain; plebeian; unennobled; unwashed

8. mean (adj.) abhorrent; abject; base; contemptible; degraded; despicable; detestable; disgraceful; disgusting; dishonorable; dishonourable; disreputable; filthy; foul; loathsome; low-down; lowly; mean; menial; nasty; obnoxious; odious; reprehensible; repugnant; rotten; servile; shabby; sordid; sorry; squalid; ugly; unbecoming; undignified; vile; wretched

9. poor (adj.) beggared; broke; destitute; dirt poor; fortuneless; impecunious; impoverished; indigent; necessitous; needy; penurious; poor; poverty-stricken; stone-broke; stony; strapped; unprosperous

10. prone (adj.) dead; prone; prostrate; supine

11. small (adj.) inferior; lesser; lower; minor; minor-league; nether; petty; secondary; small; subjacent; under

12. soft (adj.) gentle; hushed; low-key; muffled; quiet; soft; subdued

13. subaverage (adj.) subaverage; subnormal

14. unwell (adj.) ailing; dying; exhausted; expiring; feeble; indisposed; off-color; offish; poorly; sickly; sinking; underly; unwell; weak

15. bellow (verb) bellow

16. cheaply (other) cheaply; inexpensively

Антонимический ряд:

admirable; blatant; considerable; deafening; decent; elated; elevated; eminent; estimable; exalted; excited; exorbitant; happy; healthy; loud; substantial; tall

English-Russian base dictionary > low
3 low

I
1. ləu adjective
1) (not at or reaching up to a great distance from the ground, sea-level etc: low hills; a low ceiling; This chair is too low for the child.) bajo

2) (making little sound; not loud: She spoke in a low voice.) bajo

3) (at the bottom of the range of musical sounds: That note is too low for a female voice.) bajo

4) (small: a low price.) bajo

5) (not strong; weak or feeble: The fire was very low.) bajo

6) (near the bottom in grade, rank, class etc: low temperatures; the lower classes.) bajo

2. adverb
(in or to a low position, manner or state: The ball flew low over the net.) bajo

- lower
- lowly
- lowliness
- low-down
- lowland
- lowlander
- lowlands
- low-lying
- low-tech
3. adjective
low-tech industries/skills.) (de) baja tecnología

- low tide/water
- be low on
II ləu verb
(to make the noise of cattle; to moo: The cows were lowing.) mugir

low adj

1. bajo

a low wall un muro bajo

low temperatures temperaturas bajas

2. grave

a low sound un sonido grave

low

tr[ləʊ]

adjective

1 (in general) bajo,-a; (neckline) escotado,-a

■ low clouds nubes bajas

■ a low income pocos ingresos

■ I'm getting low on paper se me está acabando el papel

■ cook on a low heat cocinar a fuego lento

2 (battery) gastado,-a

3 (depressed) deprimido,-a, abatido,-a

4 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL grave

adverb

1 bajo

■ we're running low on petrol se nos acaba la gasolina

noun

1 (low level) punto bajo

■ sales have fallen to an all-time low this month las ventas han tocado fondo este mes

2 SMALLMETEOROLOGY/SMALL área de baja presión

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to keep a low profile ser discreto,-a

low comedy farsa

low life bajos fondos nombre masculino plural

the Low Countries los Países Bajos

————————

low

tr[ləʊ]

intransitive verb

1 (moo) mugir

low ['lo:] vi

: mugir

low adv

: bajo, profundo

to aim low: apuntar bajo

to lie low: mantenerse escondido

to turn the lights down low: bajar las luces

low adj, lower ['lo:ər] ; - est

1) : bajo

a low building: un edificio bajo

a low bow: una profunda reverencia

2) soft: bajo, suave

in a low voice: en voz baja

3) shallow: bajo, poco profundo

4) humble: humilde, modesto

5) depressed: deprimido, bajo de moral

6) inferior: bajo, inferior

7) unfavorable: mal

to have a low opinion of him: tener un mal concepto de él

8)

to be low on : tener poco de, estar escaso de

low n

1) : punto m bajo

to reach an all-time low: estar más bajo que nunca

2) or low gear : primera velocidad f

3) : mugido m (de una vaca)

low

adj.

• abatido, -a adj.

• bajo, -a adj.

• canallesco, -a adj.

• deficiente adj.

• grave adj.

• hondo, -a adj.

• humilde adj.

• indigno, -a adj.

• pequeño, -a adj.

• rastrero, -a adj.

• reducido, -a adj.

adv.

• bajo adv.

n.

• precio mínimo s.m.

• punto bajo s.m.

v.

• berrear v.

• mugir v.

I ləʊ
adjective -er, -est

1) ( in height) bajo

to fly at low altitude — volar* bajo or a poca altura

the dress had a very low back — el vestido era muy escotado por la espalda

he gave a low bow — hizo una profunda reverencia

a low point in his career — un momento bajo en su carrera

2)

a) ( in volume) < voice> bajo, quedo; <sound/whisper> débil, quedo

turn the radio down low — bájale al radio (AmL exc CS), baja la radio (CS, Esp)

b) ( in pitch) <key/note/pitch> grave, bajo

3) (in intensity, amount, quality) <pressure/temperature> bajo; <wages/prices> bajo; < proportion> pequeño; <standard/quality> bajo, malo; <number/card> bajo

cook on a low flame o heat — cocinar a fuego lento

student numbers fell as low as five — el número de estudiantes bajó a tan sólo cinco

attendance has been low lately — últimamente no ha habido muchos asistentes

the temperature was in the low sixties — la temperatura apenas pasaba de 60° Fahrenheit

he has a low opinion of doctors — no tiene muy buena opinión de los médicos

4) ( in short supply)

supplies are low — los suministros escasean or están empezando a faltar

stocks are running low — se están agotando las existencias

to be low ON something: we're rather low on milk — tenemos or nos queda poca leche

5) (in health, spirits)

to feel low — ( physically) sentirse* débil; ( emotionally) estar* deprimido

to be in low spirits — estar* bajo de moral or con la moral baja

6)

a) ( humble) (liter) bajo, humilde

of low birth — de humilde cuna (liter)

the lowest of the low — lo más bajo

b) ( despicable) bajo, mezquino

a low trick — una mala jugada, una mala pasada

II

adverb -er, -est

1) bajo

to fly low — volar* bajo or a poca altura

to bow low — hacer* una profunda reverencia

get down lower if you don't want them to see you — agáchate más si no quieres que te vean

put the shelf lower down — coloca el estante más abajo

he rates low in my estimation — no lo tengo en gran estima

I wouldn't sink o stoop so low as to do that — no me rebajaría a hacer una cosa así, nunca caería tan bajo

2)

a) (softly, quietly) bajo

b) ( in pitch) bajo

III

noun

a) ( low point) punto m más bajo

the peso has dropped to a new (record) low against the dollar — la cotización del peso ha alcanzado un nuevo mínimo (histórico) con respecto al dólar

relations between the two countries are at an all-time low — las relaciones entre los dos países nunca han sido peores

b) ( Meteo) zona f de bajas presiones

IV

intransitive verb mugir*

I [lǝʊ]
1. ADJ
(compar lower) (superl lowest)
1) (in height) [wall, shelf, seat, level] bajo; [bow] profundo; [blow] sucio

on low ground — a nivel del mar, en tierras bajas

a dress with a low neckline — un vestido escotado

2) (=quiet) [voice, TV, radio] bajo

3) (=low-pitched) [voice, musical note] grave, bajo

4) [number] bajo; [price, income] reducido, bajo; [stock, supplies] escaso

five at the lowest — cinco como mínimo

the battery is low — la batería se está acabando

fuel is getting low — está empezando a escasear la gasolina

stocks are running low — las existencias empiezan a escasear

5) (in intensity) [light, rate, speed, temperature] bajo

the temperature is in the low 40s — la temperatura es de 40 grados y alguno más

to cook on a low heat — cocer a fuego lento

6) (=inferior) [standard, quality] inferior

7) (=humble) [rank] humilde; [card] pequeño

8) (Aut)

in low gear — en primera or segunda

9) [health] débil, malo; [diet] deficiente

to feel low, be low in spirits — sentirse deprimido, estar bajo de moral

10) [character, behaviour, opinion] malo; [comedian] grosero; [character] vil; [joke, song] verde; [trick] sucio, malo; tide

2. ADV
(compar lower) (superl lowest)
1) [aim, fly, sing] bajo; [swing] bajo, cerca de la tierra

• to bow low — hacer una reverencia profunda

• a dress cut low in the back — un vestido muy escotado de espalda

• to fall low — (fig) caer bajo

England never fell so low — Inglaterra nunca cayó tan bajo

• to be laid low with flu — ser postrado por la gripe

• to lay sb low — derribar a algn, poner a algn fuera de combate

• to lie low — (=hide) mantenerse escondido; (=be silent) mantenerse quieto

• to sink low — (fig) caer bajo

2) [quietly] [say, sing] bajo, en voz baja

3)

to turn the lights/the volume down low — bajar las luces/el volumen

4) (Cards)

to play low — poner pequeño

3. N

1) (Met) área f de baja presión

2) (Aut) primera or segunda (marcha) f

3) (fig) (=low point) punto m más bajo

to reach a new or an all-time low — estar más bajo que nunca

this represents a new low in deceit — esta es la peor forma de vileza
all-time
4.

CPD

low beam headlights NPL — (US) luces fpl de cruce

Low Church N — sector de la Iglesia Anglicana de tendencia más protestante

low comedy N — farsa f

the Low Countries NPL — los Países Bajos

low heels NPL — (=shoes) tacones mpl bajos

Low Latin N — bajo latín m

low mass N — misa f rezada

low point N — punto m (más) bajo

low salt N — sal f dietética

low season N — (esp Brit) temporada f baja

Low Sunday N — Domingo m de Cuasimodo

low tide N — marea f baja

low vowel N — vocal f grave

low water N — bajamar f

low water mark N — línea f de bajamar

II [lǝʊ]
1.

VI mugir

2.

N mugido m

* * *

I [ləʊ]
adjective -er, -est

1) ( in height) bajo

to fly at low altitude — volar* bajo or a poca altura

the dress had a very low back — el vestido era muy escotado por la espalda

he gave a low bow — hizo una profunda reverencia

a low point in his career — un momento bajo en su carrera

2)

a) ( in volume) < voice> bajo, quedo; <sound/whisper> débil, quedo

turn the radio down low — bájale al radio (AmL exc CS), baja la radio (CS, Esp)

b) ( in pitch) <key/note/pitch> grave, bajo

3) (in intensity, amount, quality) <pressure/temperature> bajo; <wages/prices> bajo; < proportion> pequeño; <standard/quality> bajo, malo; <number/card> bajo

cook on a low flame o heat — cocinar a fuego lento

student numbers fell as low as five — el número de estudiantes bajó a tan sólo cinco

attendance has been low lately — últimamente no ha habido muchos asistentes

the temperature was in the low sixties — la temperatura apenas pasaba de 60° Fahrenheit

he has a low opinion of doctors — no tiene muy buena opinión de los médicos

4) ( in short supply)

supplies are low — los suministros escasean or están empezando a faltar

stocks are running low — se están agotando las existencias

to be low ON something: we're rather low on milk — tenemos or nos queda poca leche

5) (in health, spirits)

to feel low — ( physically) sentirse* débil; ( emotionally) estar* deprimido

to be in low spirits — estar* bajo de moral or con la moral baja

6)

a) ( humble) (liter) bajo, humilde

of low birth — de humilde cuna (liter)

the lowest of the low — lo más bajo

b) ( despicable) bajo, mezquino

a low trick — una mala jugada, una mala pasada

II

adverb -er, -est

1) bajo

to fly low — volar* bajo or a poca altura

to bow low — hacer* una profunda reverencia

get down lower if you don't want them to see you — agáchate más si no quieres que te vean

put the shelf lower down — coloca el estante más abajo

he rates low in my estimation — no lo tengo en gran estima

I wouldn't sink o stoop so low as to do that — no me rebajaría a hacer una cosa así, nunca caería tan bajo

2)

a) (softly, quietly) bajo

b) ( in pitch) bajo

III

noun

a) ( low point) punto m más bajo

the peso has dropped to a new (record) low against the dollar — la cotización del peso ha alcanzado un nuevo mínimo (histórico) con respecto al dólar

relations between the two countries are at an all-time low — las relaciones entre los dos países nunca han sido peores

b) ( Meteo) zona f de bajas presiones

IV

intransitive verb mugir*

English-spanish dictionary > low
4 short

1. n краткое содержание; суть

in short — вкратце, короче говоря, одним словом

for short — для краткости, сокращённо

they called him Tom for short — они называли его просто Томом

the long and the short of it is … — короче говоря, одним словом

short review — краткий обзор

short title — краткий заголовок

short multiply — краткое умножение

short messaging — обмен краткими сообщениями

2. n лингв. краткий гласный

to sentence short — приговорить к краткому сроку лишения свободы

3. n лингв. краткий слог

4. n лингв. знак краткости

short and — знак союза «и»

for short) — для краткости

for short — для краткости

for short. — для краткости

short accent — знак краткости над гласной

5. n разг. короткометражный фильм

documentary short — короткометражный документальный фильм

documentary short — короткометражный документальный фильм

feature short — короткометражный художественный фильм

short subject — короткометражный фильм

6. n разг. короткий отрывок, короткое произведение

short ribs — короткие рёбра; ложные рёбра

short shelf — короткая выделительная шина

short takeoff — взлет с коротким разбегом

short term — короткий срок; краткосрочный

short bridge — короткая средняя надстройка

7. n разг. малый рост

short fuzed — снабженный взрывателем с малым замедлением

short beam — пучок с малой длительностью импульса

to be short of stature — быть невысокого роста

short offset mode — режим с малым смещением

short normal device — малый потенциал-зонд

8. n разг. эл. разг. короткое замыкание

short wheelbase — короткая колесная база

short floor timber — короткий флортимберс

short cut tongue — коротко обрезанный язык

short dwell time — короткое время выдержки

short glass fibre — короткое стекловолокно

9. n разг. воен. недолёт

10. n разг. бирж. спекулянты, играющие на понижение

11. n разг. крепкий напиток, спиртное

short snorter — глоток спиртного; выпивка на скорую руку

12. n разг. «стаканчик»

13. a низкий, невысокий

a short man — человек низкого роста

short flour extraction — низкий выход муки

to come short — оказаться ниже

short column — низкая колонна

14. a короткий, краткий, недолгий

short holiday — короткий праздник

short address — короткое обращение

short memory — короткая память

short burst — короткая очередь

short turns — короткие номера

short bound — бросок

short letter

short syllable — краткий слог

a short time ago — недавно

make a long story short — короче говоря

short haul — короткий пробег транспорта

short run — короткий промежуток времени

short hole method — метод коротких скважин

short take-off — взлет с коротким разбегом

15. a краткосрочный

short bill — краткосрочный вексель

short loan — краткосрочная ссуда

short term credit — краткосрочный кредит

loan at short notice — краткосрочная ссуда

short borrowing — взять краткосрочную ссуду

short term storage — краткосрочный хранение

money at a short notice — краткосрочный займ

16. a краткий, сжатый

to be short and to the point — говорить кратко и по существу

17. a кино короткометражный

short motion picture — короткометражный кинофильм

short film — короткометражный фильм

18. a урезанный; неполный

short time — неполный рабочий день

workers were put on short time — рабочие были переведены на неполный рабочий день

short hours of work — сокращённые часы работы

short measure — неполная мера, недомер

work short hours — работать неполный рабочий день

work on short time — работать неполную рабочую неделю

short or long translation — частичный или полный перевод

19. a неполный, примерный

a short ten miles — каких-то десять миль

20. a некомплектный, неукомплектованный

21. a скудный, бедный

short allowance — скудное содержание

short purse — тощий кошелёк; безденежье

to be on short commons — скудно питаться, недоедать, «поститься»

22. a недостаточный; испытывающий нехватку

to be short of food — испытывать недостаток в пище

to be short in weight — весить меньше нормы

to be short in proofs — иметь недостаточно доказательств

to be short of breath — задыхаться, тяжело дышать; запыхаться

been in short supply — имел недостаточное снабжение

being in short supply — недостаточное снабжение

23. a неудовлетворительный

short bran — плохо высеянные отруби

24. a ком. продающийся без покрытия

short sale — продажа на срок без покрытия

go short — продавать ценные бумаги без наличия

going short — продажа ценных бумаг без наличия

gone short — продавать ценные бумаги без наличия

short clear — короткая свиная серединка без костей

cover of short position — покрытие короткой позиции

25. a бирж. разг. играющий на понижение

26. adv резко, круто; внезапно, неожиданно

to stop short — неожиданно остановиться

short lay — крутой спуск

to stop short — внезапно замолчать

to stop short — резко остановиться

27. adv преждевременно, до срока

to cut the course of events short — оборвать ход событий, не дать событиям прийти к их естественному завершению

short life item — предмет с коротким сроком службы

borrowing short — берущий взаймы на короткий срок

to borrow short — брать взаймы на короткий срок

borrowed short — брать взаймы на короткий срок

short notice — сокращенный срок уплаты тарифа

28. adv коротко

to cut a stick short — укоротить палку

short hold — короткий трюм

short sea — короткая волна

short ton — короткая тонна

in short — короче говоря,

short hole — короткая летка

29. adv близко, недалеко, на близком расстоянии

short haul delivery — перевозка на короткое расстояние

short haul hop — перевозка на короткое расстояние

short pouring — разливка с близкого расстояния

a short distance away — недалеко, неподалёку

at short range — на близком расстоянии

30. adv не доходя, не достигнув

the shells fell short — снаряды ложились с недолётом

short interest — доход от краткосрочных вложений

31. adv редк. кратко, сжато; отрывисто

to speak short and plain — говорить кратко и ясно

Синонимический ряд:

1. abruptly (adj.) abruptly; suddenly; unawares

2. bluff (adj.) abrupt; bluff; blunt; brusque; crusty; gruff; rough; short-spoken; snippety; snippy

3. brief (adj.) breviloquent; brief; compendiary; compendious; concise; condensed; direct; fleeting; hasty; laconic; lean; quick; sententious; short and sweet; succinct; summary; terse

4. brittle (adj.) brittle; crisp; crumbly; crunchy; friable

5. curt (adj.) curt; impatient; inconsiderate; rude; sharp; short-tempered; testy; thoughtless; unceremonious; uncivil; ungracious

6. deficient (adj.) deficient; failing; inadequate; incomplete; insufficient; lacking; meager; scant; scanty; scarce; scrimpy; shy; skimpy; slender; unsufficient; wanting

7. dwarfish (adj.) dwarfish; squat; stubby; stunted

8. inferior (adj.) below; inferior; substandard; unacceptable

9. low-set (adj.) low-set; low-statured

10. small (adj.) diminutive; little; low; slight; small; tiny; undersized

11. substance (noun) amount; body; burden; core; crux; gist; kernel; matter; meat; nub; nubbin; pith; purport; sense; strength; substance; sum and substance; sum total; thrust; upshot

12. spare (verb) scant; skimp; spare; stint

13. unawares (other) aback; abruptly; asudden; forthwith; sudden; suddenly; unanticipatedly; unaware; unawaredly; unawares; unexpectedly

Антонимический ряд:

ample; bland; complete; comprehensive; congenial; copious; courteous; deferred; diffuse; distant; endless; exceeding; expanded; extended; large; long; rambling; tall

English-Russian base dictionary > short
5 достоинства и недостатки

1. merits and demerits

2. virtues and shortcomings

3. highs and lows

преимущества и недостатки — strengths and weaknesses

имеющий недостаток в поставках — being in low supply

испытывание недостатка в горючем — being low on gas

испытывал недостаток в горючем — been low on gas

испытывать недостаток в горючем — be low on gas

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > достоинства и недостатки
6 be out

1. phr v не быть дома, на месте; отсутствовать

when I phoned they told me the boss was out — когда я позвонил, мне ответили, что хозяина нет

be of evil — быть от лукавого

be careful — быть внимательным

be due to — иметь место благодаря

it must be needs — надлежит сему быть

be in orders — быть священнослужителем

2. phr v сл. быть выпущенным из тюрьмы, быть на свободе

to be slack — быть в состоянии затишья

to be in the clear — быть вне подозрений

be in the spotlight — быть в центре внимания

to be pressed with work — быть перегруженным работой

be sound of body and mind — быть здоровым телом и душой

3. phr v погаснуть, быть выключенным

the fire is out — огонь потух

be under procurement — быть включенным в план заготовок

to be under accusation — быть под обвинением, обвиняться

be kept up on — быть постоянно информированным по вопросу

4. phr v отходить, удаляться

we were sixty miles out from base — мы находились на расстоянии шестидесяти миль от базы

5. phr v спадать, уходить

the tide is out now — сейчас отлив

6. phr v быть удалённым, извлечённым

the splinter is out — занозу вытащили

empties to be returned — порожняя тара должна быть возвращена

7. phr v быть выведенным, уничтоженным

8. phr v разг. выйти из моды

long skirts are out — длинных юбок не носят, длинные юбки не в моде

9. phr v разг. кончаться

before the week is out — до конца недели

10. phr v разг. не иметь

I am out of cigarettes — у меня кончились сигареты

be in short supply — иметь недостаток в поставках

be carried on stock — иметься в наличии на складе

as the case might be — как это может иметь место

be in low supply — иметь недостаток в поставках

be a hit with — иметь большой успех у аудитории

11. phr v разг. быть опубликованным; выйти из печати

to be in print — находиться в печати

to be out of print — выходить из печати

to be off the press — выходить в свет, выходить из печати

12. phr v разг. быть объявленными, вывешенными

13. phr v разг. присутствовать

all members of the club were out in strength at the meeting — на митинг вышли все члены клуба

14. phr v разг. раскрыться, обнаружиться

the secret is out — секрет раскрылся, тайна быть изгнанным; быть исключённым ; быть уволенным

15. phr v разг. проф. жарг. прекратить работу, забастовать

16. phr v разг. быть видимым, не закрытым облаками

17. phr v разг. зацвести, расцвести, распуститься

18. phr v разг. разг. быть запрещённым, недопустимым

all arguments are out! — никаких споров!

19. phr v разг. быть неточным, неправильным

subsequent events showed how well out he was in his analysis — последующие события показали, как сильно он ошибся в своём анализе

to be lured into the market — быть привлечённым на данный рынок

20. phr v разг. разг. собираться, иметь намерение

they are out to repeat the attack — они собираются вновь предпринять наступление

be at liberty — иметь право

be carnally minded — иметь плотские помышления

21. phr v сл. крепко спать

sleep well? — Must have been dead out — хорошо спалось? — Да, наверное, совсем отключился

22. phr v сл. потерять сознание

English-Russian base dictionary > be out
7 knapp

I Adj.

1. Kleider: (zu eng) tight; (eng anliegend) tight-fitting

2. Stil: concise, terse; mit knappen Worten in a few words, briefly

3. (kärglich) meag|re (Am. -er); (beschränkt) limited; Ware: scarce; Gelder: auch tight; knapp bei Kasse short of cash: umg. hard up; knapp sein Lebensmittel etc.: be in short supply, be scarce; knapp werden auch run short

4. nicht ganz: just under; vor einer knappen Stunde barely an hour ago

5. (gerade noch erreicht) Vorsprung, Sieg, Niederlage: narrow; Ergebnis, Ausgang: close; knappe Mehrheit slim ( oder narrow) majority; mit knapper Not only just, Am. just barely; er ist mit knapper Not entkommen auch umg. it was a close shave

II Adv.

1. bei Kleidung: knapp / zu knapp sitzen be a tight fit / be too tight; knapp sitzend tight-fitting; der Rock fällt etwas knapp aus the skirt is rather (Am. pretty) skimpy

2. formulieren etc.: concisely, succinctly; antworten: tersely; kurz und knapp gesagt put briefly, in a few choice words

3. (kärglich) etw. knapp bemessen give short measure of s.th.; (Dosis, Ration etc.) be stingy with s.th.; das ist knapp bemessen oder berechnet that’s a bit on the short ( oder low) side; meine Zeit ist knapp bemessen I’m short of ( oder pushed for) time; etw. knapp halten (Ware) keep s.th. in short supply, create a scarcity of s.th.; jemanden knapp halten keep s.o. short ( mit of)

4. mit Zeit- und Zahlenangaben: er starb knapp 65-jährig he died when he was barely 65; in / vor knapp vier Wochen in barely ( oder just under) four weeks / barely ( oder just under) four weeks ago; es dauerte knapp zwei Stunden it took just under ( oder not quite) two hours; der Computer kostet knapp 1500 Euro the computer costs just on 1500 euros

5. (gerade eben) only just; gewinnen, verlieren: narrowly; der Schuss ging knapp vorbei the shot only just (Am. just barely) missed; knapp vorbei ist auch daneben a miss is as good as a mile

6. am Wochenende haben wir gefeiert etc. und nicht zu knapp! umg...., and how!

* * *

scanty; scrimpy; skimpy; brief; meager; narrow; in short supply; summary; tight; scarce; concise; short; meagre; scant; curt; terse

* * *
knạpp [knap]
1. adj

1) (= nicht ausreichend vorhanden) Vorräte, Arbeitsstellen scarce, in short supply; Geld tight, scarce; Taschengeld meagre (Brit), meager (US); Gehalt low, meagre (Brit), meager (US)

mein Geld ist knapp — I'm short of money

mein Geld wird knapp — I am running short of or out of money

das Essen wird knapp — we/they etc are running short of or out of food

knapp mit ( dem) Geld sein (inf) — to be short of money

See:

→ Kasse

2) (= gerade noch ausreichend) Zeit, Geld, Miete just or barely sufficient, just or barely enough; Mehrheit narrow, small, bare; Sieg narrow; Kleidungsstück etc (= eng) tight; (= kurz) short; Bikini scanty

3) (= nicht ganz) almost

ein knappes Pfund Mehl — just under a pound of flour

seit einem knappen or knapp einem Jahr wohne ich hier — I have been living here for almost a year

4) (= kurz und präzis) Stil, Worte concise; Geste terse; (= lakonisch) Antwort pithy

5) (= gerade so eben) just

mit knapper Not — only just, by the skin of one's teeth

2. adv

1) (= nicht reichlich) rechnen, kalkulieren conservatively; bemessen too closely

mein Geld/meine Zeit ist knapp bemessen — I am short of money/time

er hat ihr das Taschengeld knapp bemessen — he was mean (Brit) or stingy (inf) with her pocket money

2)

(= haarscharf) wir haben knapp verloren/gewonnen — we only just lost/won

er ist knapp an mir vorbeigefahren — he just got or scraped past me

der Rock endete knapp über dem Knie — the skirt came to just above the knee

es war knapp daneben — it was a near miss

knapp vorbei ist auch daneben (inf) — a miss is as good as a mile (prov)

ich verprügele dich, aber nicht zu knapp — I'll give you a thrashing, and how!

3) (= nicht ganz) not quite

knapp zwei Wochen — not quite two weeks

* * *

1) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) close

2) (only just managed: a narrow escape.) narrow

3) (not many or enough in number: Paintings by this artist are very scarce; Food is scarce because of the drought.) scarce

4) ((with of) not having enough (money etc): Most of us are short of money these days.) short

5) (not available in sufficient quantity: Fresh vegetables are in short supply.) in short supply

6) (too small; inadequate: a skimpy dress.) skimpy

7) skimpily

* * *

knapp

[knap]

I. adj

1. (gering) meagre [or AM -er], low

\knappe Vorräte meagre [or scarce] supplies

\knappe Stellen scarce jobs

\knappes Geld tight money

▪ \knapp sein/werden to be scarce [or in short supply]/to become scarce

▪ [mit etw dat] \knapp sein to be short [of sth]

..., aber/und das nicht zu \knapp! (fam)..., and how!,..., good and proper! BRIT fam; s.a. Kasse

2. (eng) tight[-fitting]

▪ jdm zu \knapp sein to be too tight for sb

3. (noch genügend) just enough

eine \knappe Mehrheit a narrow [or bare] [or very small] majority

ein \knapper Sieg a narrow victory

ein \knappes Ergebnis a close result

4. (nicht ganz) almost

in einer \knappen Stunde in just under an hour

▪ [jdm] zu \knapp sein to be too tight [for sb]

5. (gerafft) concise, succinct

in wenigen \knappen Worten in a few brief words

er gab ihr nur eine \knappe Antwort he replied tersely

II. adv

1. (mäßig) sparingly

\knapp bemessen sein to be not very generous

seine Zeit ist \knapp bemessen his time is limited [or restricted], he only has a limited amount of time

2. (nicht ganz) almost

\knapp eine Stunde almost [or just under] [or not quite] an hour

3. (haarscharf) narrowly

die Wahl ist denkbar \knapp ausgefallen the election turned out to be extremely close

\knapp gewinnen/verlieren to win/lose narrowly [or by a narrow margin]

wir haben [nur] \knapp verloren we [only] just lost

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) meagre, low < pension, wage, salary>; meagre < pocket money>

knapp sein — be scarce or in short supply

knapp werden — < supplies> run short; < money> get tight

knapp mit etwas sein — be short of something

..., und nicht zu knapp! —... and how!

jemanden [mit Geld] knapp halten — (ugs.) keep somebody short [of money]

2) narrow <victory, lead>; narrow, bare < majority>; close < result>

3)

vor einer knappen Stunde — just under an hour ago

4) (eng) tight-fitting < garment>

zu knapp sein — < garment> be too tight

5) (kurz) terse <reply, greeting>; concise, succinct <description, account, report>
2.
adverbial

1)

knapp bemessen sein — be meagre; < time> be limited

knapp gerechnet — at the lowest estimate

2)

knapp gewinnen — win narrowly or by a narrow margin

eine Prüfung knapp bestehen — just pass an examination

3) (sehr nahe) just

knapp über dem Knie enden — come to just above the knee

4) (nicht ganz) just under

vor knapp einer Stunde — just under an hour ago

5) (eng)

knapp sitzen — fit tightly

6) (kurz) < reply> tersely; < describe> concisely, succinctly

* * *

knapp

A. adj

1. Kleider: (zu eng) tight; (eng anliegend) tight-fitting

2. Stil: concise, terse;

mit knappen Worten in a few words, briefly

3. (kärglich) meagre (US -er); (beschränkt) limited; Ware: scarce; Gelder: auch tight;

knapp bei Kasse short of cash: umg hard up;

knapp sein Lebensmittel etc: be in short supply, be scarce;

knapp werden auch run short

4. nicht ganz: just under;

vor einer knappen Stunde barely an hour ago

5. (gerade noch erreicht) Vorsprung, Sieg, Niederlage: narrow; Ergebnis, Ausgang: close;

knappe Mehrheit slim ( oder narrow) majority;

mit knapper Not only just, US just barely;

er ist mit knapper Not entkommen auch umg it was a close shave

B. adv

1. bei Kleidung:

knapp/zu knapp sitzen be a tight fit/be too tight;

knapp sitzend tight-fitting;

der Rock fällt etwas knapp aus the skirt is rather (US pretty) skimpy

2. formulieren etc: concisely, succinctly; antworten: tersely;

kurz und knapp gesagt put briefly, in a few choice words

3. (kärglich)

etwas knapp bemessen give short measure of sth; (Dosis, Ration etc) be stingy with sth;

das ist knapp bemessen oder

berechnet that’s a bit on the short ( oder low) side;

meine Zeit ist knapp bemessen I’m short of ( oder pushed for) time

4. mit Zeit- und Zahlenangaben:

er starb knapp 65-jährig he died when he was barely 65;

in/vor knapp vier Wochen in barely ( oder just under) four weeks/barely ( oder just under) four weeks ago;

es dauerte knapp zwei Stunden it took just under ( oder not quite) two hours;

der Computer kostet knapp 1500 Euro the computer costs just on 1500 euros

5. (gerade eben) only just; gewinnen, verlieren: narrowly;

der Schuss ging knapp vorbei the shot only just (US just barely) missed;

knapp vorbei ist auch daneben a miss is as good as a mile

6. am Wochenende haben wir gefeiert etc

und nicht zu knapp! umg …, and how!

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) meagre, low <pension, wage, salary>; meagre < pocket money>

knapp sein — be scarce or in short supply

knapp werden — < supplies> run short; < money> get tight

knapp mit etwas sein — be short of something

..., und nicht zu knapp! —... and how!

jemanden [mit Geld] knapp halten — (ugs.) keep somebody short [of money]

2) narrow <victory, lead>; narrow, bare < majority>; close < result>

3)

vor einer knappen Stunde — just under an hour ago

4) (eng) tight-fitting < garment>

zu knapp sein — < garment> be too tight

5) (kurz) terse <reply, greeting>; concise, succinct <description, account, report>
2.
adverbial

1)

knapp bemessen sein — be meagre; < time> be limited

knapp gerechnet — at the lowest estimate

2)

knapp gewinnen — win narrowly or by a narrow margin

eine Prüfung knapp bestehen — just pass an examination

3) (sehr nahe) just

knapp über dem Knie enden — come to just above the knee

4) (nicht ganz) just under

vor knapp einer Stunde — just under an hour ago

5) (eng)

knapp sitzen — fit tightly

6) (kurz) < reply> tersely; < describe> concisely, succinctly

* * *

adj.

bare adj.

concise adj.

curt adj.

lean adj.

narrow adj.

scant adj.

scanty adj.

scarce adj.

scrimpy adj.

skimpy adj.

terse adj. adv.

barely adv.

concisely adv.

curtly adv.

scantily adv.

scantly adv.

scarcely adv.

skimpily adv.

tersely adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > knapp
8 ofrecer

v.

1 to offer.

ofrecerle algo a alguien to offer somebody something

¿puedo ofrecerle algo de beber? may I offer you something to drink?

¿cuánto te ofrecen por la casa? how much are they offering you for the house?

me ofrece la oportunidad o la ocasión de conocer la ciudad it gives me the chance to get to know the city

María le ofrece comida a Ricardo Mary offers Richard food.

Ella ofrece sus servicios She offers her services.

2 to bid.

¿qué ofrecen por esta mesa? what am I bid for this table?

3 to present (tener, presentar) (imagen, dificultades).

la cocina ofrece un aspecto lamentable the kitchen is a sorry sight

4 to offer up (oraciones, sacrificio).

5 to make an offer.

Ellos ofrecen They make an offer.

6 to offer to, to promise to, to volunteer to.

María le ofrece comida a Ricardo Mary offers Richard food.

Ella ofrece sus servicios She offers her services.

Ellos ofrecen limpiar They offer to clean.

Le ofrecí a María ir a verla I offered Mary to go see her.

Ellos ofrecieron a Ricardo They offered Richard.

* * *

ofrecer

Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer

► verbo transitivo

1 (dar - premio, amistad) to offer; (- banquete, fiesta) to hold; (- regalo) to give

2 (presentar) to present

■ la montaña ofrecía un panorama desolador the mountain looked desolate

■ ofrecer resistencia to offer resistance

► verbo pronominal ofrecerse

1 (prestarse) to offer, volunteer

■ se ofreció a llevarme he offered to give me a lift

■ se ofreció voluntario he volunteered

2 (disponer) to want

■ ¿qué se le ofrece? what can I do for you?

* * *

verb

1) to offer

2) present

•

- ofrecerse

* * *

1. VT

1) (=presentar voluntariamente)

a) [+ servicios, ayuda, trabajo, dinero] to offer

nos ofreció un té — he offered us tea

me ofrecieron la posibilidad de trabajar para ellos — they offered me the chance to work for them

¿cuánto te ofrecieron por el coche? — how much did they offer you for the car?

• ofrecer hacer algo — to offer to do sth

el club le ha ofrecido prorrogar su contrato — the club has offered to extend his contract

me ofrecieron participar en la coproducción — they asked me if I would like to take part in the co-production

b) [+ espectáculo, programa] [en TV] to show

varias cadenas ofrecen el partido en directo — several channels are showing the match live

los principales espectáculos que ofrece el festival — the main events featured in the festival

la Filarmónica ofrecerá un concierto el día de Navidad — the Philharmonic are giving a concert on Christmas Day

c) frm [+ respetos] to pay frm

ofrecer la bienvenida a algn — to welcome sb

2) (=tener)

a) [+ ventaja] to offer; [+ oportunidad, garantías] to offer, give; [+ solución] to offer, provide

el formato electrónico ofrece algunas ventajas — the electronic format offers some advantages

la sanidad pública ofrece más posibilidades de investigación — public health care offers o provides more scope for research

no ofrece las suficientes garantías — it's not sufficiently reliable

• no ofrecer duda, la gravedad del caso no ofrece duda — there is no doubt about the seriousness of the case

el resultado no ofrecía dudas — the result left no room for doubt

b) [+ dificultad] to present

el caso no ofrece dificultad alguna — the case presents no difficulty

el ladrón no ofreció resistencia — the burglar did not put up a struggle, the burglar offered no resistance frm

c) [+ imagen] to present

el partido necesita ofrecer una imagen de estabilidad — the party needs to present an image of stability

el palacio abandonado ofrecía un aspecto desolador — the deserted palace looked depressingly bleak

la zona ofrece un deprimente espectáculo a sus visitantes — the area is a depressing sight for visitors

3) (=celebrar) [+ acto, fiesta, cena] to hold, give

un portavoz del Ministerio ofreció una rueda de prensa — a Ministry spokesman gave o held a press conference

los compañeros le ofrecieron una comida de despedida — her colleagues held a farewell lunch for her

4) [+ sacrificio, víctima] to offer up

ofrecieron un cordero en sacrificio a los dioses — they offered up a lamb to the gods

ofrecieron su vida por la causa — they gave their lives for the cause

5) (Rel) to make a vow

ha ofrecido que va a dejar de fumar — he made a vow to stop smoking

2.

See:

ofrecerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <ayuda/cigarrillo/empleo> to offer

te llamo para ofrecerte al niño — (Col, Ven) I'm ringing to let you know that the baby has been born

ofrecer + INF — to offer to + inf

ofreció prestarnos su coche — she offered to lend us her car

b) < dinero> to offer; ( en una subasta) to bid

c) < fiesta> to give, throw (colloq); < recepción> to lay on, to hold

d) <sacrificio/víctima> to offer (up)

2)

a) < oportunidad> to give, provide

le ofrece la posibilidad de entablar nuevas amistades — it provides her with the chance to make new friends; < dificultad> to present

b) <aspecto/vista>

su habitación ofrecía un aspecto lúgubre — her room had an air of gloominess about it

el año ofrece buenas perspectivas — the coming year looks promising

ofrecían un espectáculo desgarrador — they were a heartrending sight

c) < resistencia> persona to put up, offer

la puerta se abrió sin ofrecer resistencia — the door opened easily
2.
ofrecerse v pron

1) persona to offer, volunteer

ofrecerse A or PARA + INF — to offer o volunteer to + inf

se ofrece niñera con experiencia — experienced nanny seeks employment

2) < presentarse>

un espectáculo único se ofrecía ante nuestros ojos — a unique spectacle greeted our eyes

en valle se nos ofrecía en todo su esplendor — the valley appeared before us in all its splendor

3) (frml) (querer, necesitar) (gen neg o interrog)

¿se le ofrece alguna otra cosa? — can I offer o get you anything else?

¿qué se le ofrece, señora? — what would you like, madam? (frml)

estoy para lo que se les ofrezca — I'm at your service

si no se le ofrece nada más — if there's nothing else I can do for you

* * *

= deliver, feature, give, offer, open up, pitch, provide, provide with, supply, proffer, furnish (with), come forward with, tender, serve up.

Ex. The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.

Ex. Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.

Ex. An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.

Ex. Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.

Ex. Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.

Ex. Thus pitching instructions at the right level can be difficult.

Ex. To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.

Ex. Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.

Ex. Here an attempt is made to choose one form and supply references from the other forms.

Ex. 'No question,' she said meditatively, 'we have to do something'; 'like more coffee?' proffered the waitress, the coffee pot hovered above Jergens' cup.

Ex. One of the definitions of 'organise' is to furnish with organs, make organic, make into living being or tissue.

Ex. Neither pundit from the past, nor sage from the schools, neither authorised body nor inspired individual has come forward with a definition acceptable to all practising librarians as theirs and theirs alone, sharply defining them as a group.

Ex. This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.

Ex. A watering hole in Spain is serving up free beer and tapas to recession-weary customers who insult its bartenders as a way to let off steam.

----

* ofrecer acceso = provide + access.

* ofrecer apoyo = support, provide + support, rally (a)round, rally behind.

* ofrecer asesoramiento = offer + advice, offer + guidance, dispense + advice.

* ofrecer ayuda = offer + guidance, offer + assistance, provide + support.

* ofrecer cobijo = provide + a home.

* ofrecer conclusiones = provide + conclusions.

* ofrecer conjuntamente = bundle.

* ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.

* ofrecer consejos prácticos = offer + hints and advice.

* ofrecer descuento = offer + discount.

* ofrecer directrices = provide + guidance.

* ofrecer en cantidad = offer + in quantity.

* ofrecer en un lote = bundle.

* ofrecer esperanzas = hold + promise.

* ofrecer estímulo = provide + stimulus.

* ofrecer incentivo = provide + incentive, offer + inducement.

* ofrecer información = provide + information, provide + details, supply + information, offer + information, package + information, furnish + information.

* ofrecer la garantía de = provide + the stamp of.

* ofrecer la mano = put forth + Posesivo + hand.

* ofrecer la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to, allow + the opportunity to.

* ofrecer la oportunidad de = offer + a chance to.

* ofrecer la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.

* ofrecer la posibilidad = afford + possibility, provide + facility.

* ofrecer la posibilidad de = have + the potential (to/for), offer + the facility.

* ofrecer la posibilidad de que = usher in + the day when.

* ofrecer lo máximo = shoot (for) + the moon.

* ofrecer poco = low-ball.

* ofrecer por primera vez = debut.

* ofrecer posibilidades = have + potential, offer + options, offer + possibilities, hold + potential, present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.

* ofrecer razones = provide + reasons.

* ofrecer refugio = provide + a home.

* ofrecer resistencia = put up + resistance.

* ofrecer santuario = offer + sanctuary.

* ofrecerse = be forthcoming, step forward, step up to.

* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.

* ofrecer servicio = service.

* ofrecer sugerencias = give + suggestions.

* ofrecer una explicación = present + explanation.

* ofrecer una fiesta = host + party.

* ofrecer una forma de = provide + a way of/to.

* ofrecer una imagen = present + picture.

* ofrecer una introducción a = provide + a background to.

* ofrecer una norma = offer + prescription.

* ofrecer una opinión = offer + opinion.

* ofrecer una oportunidad = offer + opportunity, provide + opportunity, present + an opportunity.

* ofrecer una perspectiva = offer + perspective.

* ofrecer una posibilidad = afford + opportunity.

* ofrecer una prestación = offer + facility.

* ofrecer una rama de olivo para hacer las paces = offer + an olive branch.

* ofrecer una recepción = host + reception.

* ofrecer una respuesta = provide + answer.

* ofrecer una solución = provide + solution, offer + solution.

* ofrecer una sonrisa = give + a grin.

* ofrecer una visión = provide + a picture.

* ofrecer una visión de = offer + an account of.

* ofrecer una visión de conjunto = provide + a picture, provide + overview.

* ofrecer una visión muy releveladora de = provide + insight into, give + an insight into, give + an inside look at.

* ofrecer una vista = afford + a view.

* ofrecer un curso = offer + course.

* ofrecer un ejemplo = afford + example.

* ofrecer un sacrificio = make + a sacrifice.

* ofrecer un servicio = operate + service, provide + service, do + service.

* ofrecer ventaja = be of benefit.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <ayuda/cigarrillo/empleo> to offer

te llamo para ofrecerte al niño — (Col, Ven) I'm ringing to let you know that the baby has been born

ofrecer + INF — to offer to + inf

ofreció prestarnos su coche — she offered to lend us her car

b) < dinero> to offer; ( en una subasta) to bid

c) < fiesta> to give, throw (colloq); < recepción> to lay on, to hold

d) <sacrificio/víctima> to offer (up)

2)

a) < oportunidad> to give, provide

le ofrece la posibilidad de entablar nuevas amistades — it provides her with the chance to make new friends; < dificultad> to present

b) <aspecto/vista>

su habitación ofrecía un aspecto lúgubre — her room had an air of gloominess about it

el año ofrece buenas perspectivas — the coming year looks promising

ofrecían un espectáculo desgarrador — they were a heartrending sight

c) < resistencia> persona to put up, offer

la puerta se abrió sin ofrecer resistencia — the door opened easily
2.
ofrecerse v pron

1) persona to offer, volunteer

ofrecerse A or PARA + INF — to offer o volunteer to + inf

se ofrece niñera con experiencia — experienced nanny seeks employment

2) < presentarse>

un espectáculo único se ofrecía ante nuestros ojos — a unique spectacle greeted our eyes

en valle se nos ofrecía en todo su esplendor — the valley appeared before us in all its splendor

3) (frml) (querer, necesitar) (gen neg o interrog)

¿se le ofrece alguna otra cosa? — can I offer o get you anything else?

¿qué se le ofrece, señora? — what would you like, madam? (frml)

estoy para lo que se les ofrezca — I'm at your service

si no se le ofrece nada más — if there's nothing else I can do for you

* * *

= deliver, feature, give, offer, open up, pitch, provide, provide with, supply, proffer, furnish (with), come forward with, tender, serve up.

Ex: The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.

Ex: Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.

Ex: An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.

Ex: Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.

Ex: Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.

Ex: Thus pitching instructions at the right level can be difficult.

Ex: To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.

Ex: Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.

Ex: Here an attempt is made to choose one form and supply references from the other forms.

Ex: 'No question,' she said meditatively, 'we have to do something'; 'like more coffee?' proffered the waitress, the coffee pot hovered above Jergens' cup.

Ex: One of the definitions of 'organise' is to furnish with organs, make organic, make into living being or tissue.

Ex: Neither pundit from the past, nor sage from the schools, neither authorised body nor inspired individual has come forward with a definition acceptable to all practising librarians as theirs and theirs alone, sharply defining them as a group.

Ex: This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.

Ex: A watering hole in Spain is serving up free beer and tapas to recession-weary customers who insult its bartenders as a way to let off steam.

* ofrecer acceso = provide + access.

* ofrecer apoyo = support, provide + support, rally (a)round, rally behind.

* ofrecer asesoramiento = offer + advice, offer + guidance, dispense + advice.

* ofrecer ayuda = offer + guidance, offer + assistance, provide + support.

* ofrecer cobijo = provide + a home.

* ofrecer conclusiones = provide + conclusions.

* ofrecer conjuntamente = bundle.

* ofrecer conocimiento = package + knowledge.

* ofrecer consejos prácticos = offer + hints and advice.

* ofrecer descuento = offer + discount.

* ofrecer directrices = provide + guidance.

* ofrecer en cantidad = offer + in quantity.

* ofrecer en un lote = bundle.

* ofrecer esperanzas = hold + promise.

* ofrecer estímulo = provide + stimulus.

* ofrecer incentivo = provide + incentive, offer + inducement.

* ofrecer información = provide + information, provide + details, supply + information, offer + information, package + information, furnish + information.

* ofrecer la garantía de = provide + the stamp of.

* ofrecer la mano = put forth + Posesivo + hand.

* ofrecer la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to, allow + the opportunity to.

* ofrecer la oportunidad de = offer + a chance to.

* ofrecer la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.

* ofrecer la posibilidad = afford + possibility, provide + facility.

* ofrecer la posibilidad de = have + the potential (to/for), offer + the facility.

* ofrecer la posibilidad de que = usher in + the day when.

* ofrecer lo máximo = shoot (for) + the moon.

* ofrecer poco = low-ball.

* ofrecer por primera vez = debut.

* ofrecer posibilidades = have + potential, offer + options, offer + possibilities, hold + potential, present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.

* ofrecer razones = provide + reasons.

* ofrecer refugio = provide + a home.

* ofrecer resistencia = put up + resistance.

* ofrecer santuario = offer + sanctuary.

* ofrecerse = be forthcoming, step forward, step up to.

* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.

* ofrecer servicio = service.

* ofrecer sugerencias = give + suggestions.

* ofrecer una explicación = present + explanation.

* ofrecer una fiesta = host + party.

* ofrecer una forma de = provide + a way of/to.

* ofrecer una imagen = present + picture.

* ofrecer una introducción a = provide + a background to.

* ofrecer una norma = offer + prescription.

* ofrecer una opinión = offer + opinion.

* ofrecer una oportunidad = offer + opportunity, provide + opportunity, present + an opportunity.

* ofrecer una perspectiva = offer + perspective.

* ofrecer una posibilidad = afford + opportunity.

* ofrecer una prestación = offer + facility.

* ofrecer una rama de olivo para hacer las paces = offer + an olive branch.

* ofrecer una recepción = host + reception.

* ofrecer una respuesta = provide + answer.

* ofrecer una solución = provide + solution, offer + solution.

* ofrecer una sonrisa = give + a grin.

* ofrecer una visión = provide + a picture.

* ofrecer una visión de = offer + an account of.

* ofrecer una visión de conjunto = provide + a picture, provide + overview.

* ofrecer una visión muy releveladora de = provide + insight into, give + an insight into, give + an inside look at.

* ofrecer una vista = afford + a view.

* ofrecer un curso = offer + course.

* ofrecer un ejemplo = afford + example.

* ofrecer un sacrificio = make + a sacrifice.

* ofrecer un servicio = operate + service, provide + service, do + service.

* ofrecer ventaja = be of benefit.

* * *

ofrecer [E3 ]

vt

A

1 ‹ayuda/cigarrillo/empleo› to offer

le ofreció su brazo he offered her his arm

no nos ofreció ni una taza de café he didn't even offer us a cup of coffee

todavía no nos ha ofrecido la casa he still hasn't invited us to see his new house

te llamo para ofrecerte al niño ( Col); I'm ringing to let you know that the baby's been born

ofrecer + INF to offer TO + INF

ofreció prestarnos su coche she offered to lend us her car

2 ‹dinero› (por un artículo) to offer

ofreció mil dólares por el jarrón he bid a thousand dollars for the vase

¿cuánto me ofrece por este cuadro? how much will you give o offer me for this picture?

3 ‹fiesta› to give, hold, throw ( colloq)

ofrecieron una comida en su honor they gave a meal in her honor

ofrecieron una recepción en el Hotel Suecia they laid on o held a reception in the Hotel Suecia

4 ‹sacrificio/víctima› to offer, offer up

B

1 ‹oportunidad› to give, provide; ‹dificultad› to present

le ofrece la posibilidad de entablar nuevas amistades it provides her with o it gives her o ( frml) it affords her the chance to make new friends

el plan ofrece varias dificultades the plan presents o poses a number of problems

2 ‹aspecto/vista›

su habitación ofrecía un aspecto lúgubre her room was gloomy o had an air of gloominess about it

el balcón ofrecía una vista maravillosa there was a marvelous view from the balcony

el año ofrece buenas perspectivas things look good for the coming year, the coming year looks promising

ofrecían un espectáculo desgarrador they were a heartrending sight

3 ‹resistencia› «persona» to put up, offer

la puerta se abrió sin ofrecer resistencia the door opened easily

se entregó sin ofrecer ninguna resistencia he surrendered without putting up o offering any resistance

■ ofrecerse

v pron

A

«persona»: se ofrece niñera con experiencia experienced nanny seeks employment

ofrecerse A or PARA + INF to offer o volunteer to + INF

se ofreció a venir a buscarnos she offered o volunteered to come and pick us up

B

(presentarse): un espectáculo único se ofrecía ante nuestros ojos a unique spectacle presented itself before o greeted our eyes

las cumbres nevadas se nos ofrecían en todo su esplendor the snowy peaks appeared o stood before us in all their splendor

C ( frml) (querer, necesitar) ( gen neg o interrog) ofrecérsele algo A algn:

¿se le ofrece alguna otra cosa? can I offer o get you anything else?, would you care for anything else?

si no se le ofrece nada más, me retiro a dormir if there's nothing else I can do for you, I'll say goodnight

¿qué se le ofrece a la señora? what would you like o what can I get you to drink, madam? ( frml)

* * *

ofrecer ( conjugate ofrecer) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ayuda/cigarrillo/empleo› to offer

b) ‹ dinero› to offer;

( en una subasta) to bid
c) ‹ fiesta› to give;

‹ recepción› to lay on
d) ‹sacrificio/víctima› to offer (up)

2
a) ‹oportunidad/posibilidad› to give, provide;

‹ dificultad› to present
b) [ persona] ‹ resistencia› to put up, offer

ofrecerse verbo pronominal
1 [ persona] to offer, volunteer;
ofrecerse A or PARA hacer algo to offer o volunteer to do sth
2 (frml) (querer, necesitar) ( gen neg o interrog):
◊ ¿qué se le ofrece, señora? what would you like, madam? (frml);

si no se le ofrece nada más if there's nothing else I can do for you
ofrecer verbo transitivo
1 (agua, ayuda, dinero, etc) to offer
2 (posibilidad, solución, consejo) to give
3 (un homenaje, banquete, etc) to hold
4 (aspecto) to present
5 Rel to offer (up)
' ofrecer' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
brindar
- dar
- tender
- amparar
- convidar
- dedicar
- excusar
- querer
- tributar
English:
offer
- outbid
- part exchange
- present
- put up
- shall
- tender
- volunteer
- bid
- cater
- dispense
- feature
- give
- hand
- hold
- lay
- proffer
- put
- quote

* * *

ofrecer

♦ vt

1. [proporcionar, dar] to offer;

ofrecerle algo a alguien to offer sb sth;

me han ofrecido el puesto de director they've offered me the job of manager;

¿puedo ofrecerle algo de beber? may I offer you something to drink?;

ofrecen una recompensa por él they are offering a reward for his capture;

le ofrecieron una cena homenaje they held a dinner in his honour;

¿cuánto te ofrecen por la casa? how much are they offering you for the house?;

me ofrece la oportunidad o [m5] la ocasión de conocer la ciudad it gives me the chance to get to know the city

2. [en subastas] to bid;

¿qué ofrecen por esta mesa? what am I bid for this table?

3. [tener, presentar] to present;

la cocina ofrece un aspecto lamentable the kitchen is a sorry sight;

esta tarea ofrece algunas dificultades this task poses o presents a number of problems;

aquel negocio ofrecía inmejorables perspectivas that business had excellent prospects

4. [oraciones, sacrificio] to offer up;

ofrecer una misa por alguien to have a mass said for sb

♦ See also the pronominal verb ofrecerse

* * *

ofrecer

v/t offer

* * *

ofrecer {53} vt

1) : to offer

2) : to provide, to give

3) : to present (an appearance, etc.)

♦ See also the reflexive verb ofrecerse

* * *

ofrecer vb (proponer y dar) to offer

me ofreció su ayuda he offered to help me

mi primo me ofreció trabajar en su restaurante my cousin offered me a job in his restaurant

Spanish-English dictionary > ofrecer
9 poner

v.

1 to put.

Ella puso el mantel She set the tablecloth.

Ella puso su mejor esfuerzo She exerted her best effort.

2 to give, to set (asignar) (tarea, examen).

le pusieron Mario they called him Mario

le pusieron un cinco en el examen he got five out of ten in the exam

3 to switch or put on (conectar) (televisión, radio).

4 to send (comunicar) (telegrama, fax).

¿me pones con él? can you put me through to him? (peninsular Spanish)

5 to show (Cine, Teatro & TV).

¿qué ponen en la tele? what's on the telly?

6 to set up.

ha puesto una tienda she has opened a shop

poner la mesa to lay the table

7 to do up.

han puesto su casa con mucho lujo they've done up their house in real style

8 to put in.

poner dinero en el negocio to put money into the business

poner algo de mi/tu/etc. parte to do my/your/etc bit

poner mucho empeño en (hacer) algo to put a lot of effort into (doing) something

Ponga más sal Put in more salt.

9 to suppose.

pongamos que sucedió así (let's) suppose that's what happened

pon que necesitemos cinco días suppose we need five days

poniendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes according to plan

10 to say (decir). (peninsular Spanish)

¿qué pone ahí? what does it say?

11 to lay (eggs) (ave).

12 to make, to render, to turn, to get.

13 to apply, to put on.

Ella puso desinfectante She applied disinfectant.

14 to lay eggs, to lay.

La gallina puso The hen laid eggs.

15 to say about.

* * *

PONER

CONJUGACIÓN

Present Indicative

pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen.

Past Indicative

puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron.

Future Indicative

pondré, pondrás, pondrá, pondremos, pondréis, pondrán.

Conditional

pondría, pondrías, pondría, pondríamos, pondríais, pondrían.

Present Subjunctive

ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongáis, pongan.

Imperfect Subjunctive

pusiera, pusieras, pusiera, pusiéramos, pusierais, pusieran;

pusiese, pusieses, pusiese, pusiésemos, pusieseis, pusiesen.

Future Subjunctive

pusiere, pusieres, pusiere, pusiéremos, pusiereis, pusieren.

Imperative

pon (tú), ponga (él/Vd.), pongamos (nos.), poned (vos.), pongan (ellos/Vds.).

Past Participle

puesto,-a.

* * *

verb

1) to put

2) place

3) set

4) set up, establish

5) add

6) switch on, put on

7) lay

8) install

•

- poner al día
- ponerse
* * *
Para las expresiones poner cuidado, poner en duda, poner por las nubes, poner a parir, poner como un trapo, poner verde, poner de vuelta y media, poner por testigo, ponerse por delante, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO TRANSITIVO

1) (=colocar, situar) to put

¿dónde pongo mis cosas? — where shall I put my things?

pon los libros en la estantería — put the books on the shelf

le puso la mano en el hombro — she put a hand on his shoulder

me han puesto en la habitación de arriba — they've put me in the upstairs bedroom

han puesto un anuncio en el periódico — they've put an advertisement in the paper

voy a poner las patatas — I'm going to put the potatoes on

ponle un poco de mantequilla y verás qué bueno — put some butter in it and you'll see how good it is

• poner algo [aparte] — to put sth aside, put sth to one side

• ponlo en su [sitio] — put it back

2) [+ ropa, calzado] to put on

le pusieron un vestido nuevo — they dressed her in a new dress

ponle los zapatos — can you put his shoes on?

3) (=añadir) to add

ponle más sal — add some salt, put some more salt in it

pongo 20 más para llegar a 100 — I'll add 20 more to make it 100

4) (=aplicar, administrar) to put

le pusieron una tirita en la herida — they put a plaster on her wound

ponle talco al cambiarle el pañal — put some talcum powder on him when you change his nappy

le han puesto muchas inyecciones — she's been given a lot of injections

5) (=disponer, preparar)

pon cubiertos para 12 personas — set the table for 12 people

• poner la [mesa] — to lay {o} set the table

6) (=instalar)

a) [+ teléfono, calefacción] to put in

queremos poner moqueta — we want to have a carpet fitted

b) [+ tienda] to open; [+ casa] to furnish

han puesto una tienda de muebles — they've opened a furniture shop

han puesto la casa con todo lujo — they have furnished the house luxuriously

7) (=exponer)

ponlo al sol — leave {o} put it out in the sun

poner algo a secar — to put sth out to dry

8) (=hacer funcionar) [+ radio, televisión, calefacción] to put on, turn on; [+ disco] to put on, play

pon el radiador — put the radiator on

¿pongo música? — shall I put some music on?

9) (=ajustar) [+ despertador] to set

puse el despertador para las siete — I set the alarm for seven o'clock

pon el horno al máximo — put the oven on maximum

• poner el reloj [en hora] — to put one's watch right

• ponlo [más alto] — turn it up

10) (=adoptar)

¿por qué pones esa voz tan tonta? — why are you speaking in that silly voice?

puso acento francés al decirlo — she put on a French accent when she said it

• ¡no pongas esa [cara]! — don't look at me like that!

puso muy mala cara cuando se lo dije — he looked very annoyed when I told him

puso cara de asombro — he looked surprised

11) (=volver) + adj, adv to make

me pone furiosa — he makes me mad

para no ponerle de mal humor — so as not to make him cross, so as not to put him in a bad mood

la has puesto colorada — you've made her blush

la medicina lo puso bueno — the medicine made him better

¡cómo te han puesto! — (=te han manchado) look what a mess you are!; (=te han pegado) they've given you a right thumping!

12) (=servir)

¿qué te pongo? — what can I get you?, what would you like?

¿me pones más patatas? — could I have some more potatoes?

13) (=conectar por teléfono) to put through

póngame con el conserje — put me through to the porter

¿me pone con el Sr. García, por favor? — could you put me through to Mr García, please?

le pongo en seguida — I'll put you through

14) (=exhibir)

¿qué ponen en el cine? — what's on at the cinema?

¿ponen alguna película esta noche? — is there a film on tonight?

15) (=enviar) to send

le puso un telegrama — he sent her a telegram

16) (=escribir) to put

¿qué pongo en la carta? — what shall I put in the letter?

¿te has acordado de poner el remite? — did you remember to put the return address on it?

17) (=decir, estar escrito) to say

¿qué pone aquí? — what does it say here?

18) (=imponer) [+ examen, trabajo] to give, set

nos pone mucho trabajo — he gives {o} sets us a lot of work

el ayuntamiento pone muchos impuestos — council taxes are very high

• me han puesto una [multa] — I've been fined, I've been given a fine

19) (=oponer) [+ inconvenientes] to raise

nos han puesto muchos problemas — they've put a lot of obstacles in our way

• le pone [peros] a todo — he's always finding fault with everything

20) (=aportar, contribuir)
[+ dinero]
he puesto 50 euros de mi bolsillo — I put in 50 euros out of my own pocket

todos pusimos diez euros para el regalo — we all put in ten euros towards the present

yo pongo el dinero pero ella escoge — I do the paying, but she does the choosing

yo pongo la bebida y vosotros el postre — I'll get the drink and you can get the dessert

21) (=invertir) to put in

hemos puesto más de cinco millones — we have put in over five million

puso todos sus ahorros en aquel negocio — he put all his savings into that business

22) (=apostar)

pon tres fichas al rojo — put three chips on red

pongo cinco euros a que mañana llueve — I bet five euros that it will rain tomorrow

23) (=llamar) to call

¿qué nombre {o} cómo le van a poner? — what are they going to call him?, what name are they giving him?

al niño le pusieron Luis — they called the child Luis

24) (=criticar, alabar)

• te puso muy [bien] ante el jefe — she was very nice about you to the boss

me han puesto muy bien esa película — I've heard that film is very good

• ¡[cómo] te han puesto! — (=te han criticado) they had a real go at you!; (=te han alabado) they were really nice about you!

• tu cuñada te ha puesto muy [mal] — your sister-in-law was very nasty about you

25) (=tildar)

• poner a algn [de], la han puesto de idiota para arriba — they called her an idiot and worse

26) (=suponer)

pongamos 120 — let's say 120

• pongamos [que] ganas la lotería — suppose {o} supposing you win the lottery

poniendo que... — supposing that...

27)

• poner a algn [a] + infin —

nada más llegar nos pusieron a barrer — no sooner had we arrived than we were set to sweeping the floor

puso a sus hijos a trabajar — she sent her children out to work

28)

• poner a Juan [bien] con Pedro — to make things up between Juan and Pedro

• poner a Juan [mal] con Pedro — to make Juan fall out with Pedro, cause a rift between Juan and Pedro

29) [en trabajo]

• poner a algn [de], puso a su hija de sirvienta — she got her daughter a job as a servant

lo han puesto de dependiente en una tienda — they got him a job as a shop assistant

30)

- ¡no pongo ni una!

31) [gallina] [+ huevos] to lay

2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO

1) [aves] to lay (eggs)

2) (=apostar)

no pongo a la lotería — I don't play the lottery

3.

See:

ponerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

Sentido I

1)

a) ( colocar) to put

lo pusieron en el curso avanzado — he was put o placed in the advanced class

pon agua a calentar — put some water on to boil

no le puso la tapa — he didn't put the lid on

ponle el collar al perro — put the dog's collar on

b) <anuncio/aviso> to place, put

2) ( agregar) to put

¿cuándo se le pone el agua? — when do you put the water in?, when do you add the water?

¿le pones azúcar al café? — do you take sugar in your coffee?

3) <ropa/calzado> (+ me/te/le etc)

¿me pones los zapatos? — can you put my shoes on (for me)?

le puse el vestido rojo — I dressed her in her red dress

4) <inyección/supositorio> to give

5)

poner la mesa — to lay o set the table

pon otro cubierto para Juan — lay another place at the table for Juan

6)

a) (instalar, montar) <oficina/restaurante> to open

puso una autoescuela — he opened up a driving school

les ayudó a poner la casa — he helped them set up house o home

b) <cocina/teléfono/calefacción> to install

c) cerradura/armario to fit

pusimos parqué en el salón — we laid parquet flooring in the living room

7) ave < huevo> to lay

8) (Esp) (servir, dar)

¿qué le pongo? — what can I get you?

póngame un café, por favor — I'll have a coffee, please

¿cuántos le pongo? — how many would you like?

Sentido II

9)

a) ( contribuir)

él pone el capital y yo el trabajo — he puts up the capital and I supply the labor

pusimos 500 pesos cada uno — we put in 500 pesos each

b) ( proporcionar) autobús/tren to lay on

10) < atención> to pay; <cuidado/interés> to take

pon atención en lo que haces — pay attention to what you're doing

pon más cuidado en la presentación — take more care over the presentation

pone mucho entusiasmo en todo lo que hace — he puts a lot of enthusiasm into everything he does

poner énfasis en algo — to stress something

11)

a) ( imponer) < deberes> to give, set; <examen/problema> to set

le pusieron una multa — he was fined

b) ( oponer)

no puso inconveniente — he didn't have o raise any objections

a todo le pone peros or pegas — she finds fault with everything

c) ( adjudicar) < nota> to give

¿qué nota te puso? — what mark did he give you?

le pusieron un cero — he got nought out of ten

12) ( dar) <nombre/apodo> to give; < ejemplo> to give

¿qué título le pusiste? — what title did you give it?

le pusieron Eva — they called her Eva

le pusieron el apodo de `el cojo' — they nicknamed him `el cojo'

13) ( enviar) < telegrama> to send

14) ( escribir) to put

no sé que ponerle — I don't know what to put o say

15) (esp Esp) ( expresar por escrito) to say

allí pone que no se puede pasar — it says there that you can't go in

16) (Esp) (exhibir, dar) <obra/película>

¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? — is there anything interesting on TV?

¿qué ponen en el Royal? — what's on o what's showing at the Royal?

en el teatro ponen una obra de Casares — there's a play by Casares on at the theater

17) (RPl) ( tardar) to take

de allí a Salta pusimos tres horas — it took us three hours from there to Salta

Sentido III

18) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)

poner a alguien nervioso — to make somebody nervous

poner a alguien de mal humor — to put somebody in a bad mood

poner a alguien en evidencia — to show somebody up

poner a alguien en un aprieto — to put somebody in an awkward position

nos puso al corriente de lo sucedido — he brought us up to date on what had happened

mira cómo has puesto la alfombra! — look at the mess you've made on the carpet!

me lo estás poniendo muy difícil — you're making things very difficult for me

19) ( adoptar) cara/voz

no pongas esa cara — there's no need to look like that

puso voz de asustado — he sounded scared

20)

a) ( hacer empezar)

me pusieron a régimen — they put me on a diet

poner a alguien a + inf: puso a las hijas a trabajar he sent his daughters out to work; lo puse a hacer los deberes — I made him do his homework

b)

poner a alguien de algo: la pusieron de jefa de sección they made her head of department; lo pusieron de ángel he was given the part of an angel; siempre te pone de ejemplo — he always holds you up as an example

21) ( suponer)

pon que perdemos ese tren... — say we miss that train o if we (were to) miss that train...

pongamos (por caso) que están equivocados — suppose o let's just say they're wrong

ponerle — (esp AmL)

¿cuánto se tarda? - ponle dos horas — how long does it take? - about two hours o reckon on two hours

Sentido IV

22)

a) (conectar, encender) <televisión/calefacción> to turn on, switch on, put on; <programa/canal> to put on; < disco> to put on

puso el motor en marcha — she switched on o started the engine

nos van a poner la luz — we're going to have our electricity connected

b) (ajustar, graduar)

pon el despertador a las siete — set the alarm (clock) for seven

pon la música más alta — turn the music up

puso el reloj en hora — she put the clock right

poner el motor a punto — to tune up the engine

23) (Esp) ( al teléfono)

en seguida le pongo — I'm just putting you through o connecting you

poner a alguien con algo/alguien — to put somebody through to something/somebody

¿me pone con la extensión 24? — could you put me through to extension 24, please?
2.
vi gallina to lay
3.
1) ponerse v pron

Sentido I

2)

a) (refl) ( colocarse)

pongámonos a la sombra — let's sit (o lie etc) in the shade

ponerse de pie — to stand (up)

ponerse de rodillas — to kneel (down), get down on one's knees

ponte ahí, junto al árbol — stand over there, by the tree

se me/le puso que... — (AmS fam) I/he had a feeling that... (colloq)

se le pone cada cosa... — he gets the strangest ideas into his head

b) (Esp) ( llegar)

en una hora nos pusimos allí — we got there in one hour

3) sol to set

4) (refl) <calzado/maquillaje/alhaja> to put on

no tengo nada que ponerme — I don't have a thing to wear

me puse el collar de perlas — I wore o put on my pearl necklace

Sentido II

5) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)

se puso triste — she became sad

cuando lo vio se puso muy contenta — she was so happy when she saw it

se puso como loco — he went mad

quiero ponerme morena — I want to get a tan

ponerse cómodo — to make oneself comfortable

no te pongas así — don't get so worked up

cómo te has puesto de barro! — look at you, you're covered in mud!

la vida se está poniendo carísima — everything's getting so expensive

6)

a) ( empezar)

ponerse a + inf — to start -ing, to start + inf

se puso a llover — it started raining o started to rain

a ver si te pones a trabajar — you'd better get down to some work

b) (CS arg) ( contribuir dinero)

cuando llega la cuenta hay que ponerse — when the bill comes, everyone has to cough up (colloq)

yo me pongo con cien — I'll put in o chip in a hundred

Sentido III

7) (Esp) ( al teléfono)

¿Pepe? sí, ahora se pone — Pepe? OK, I'll just get him for you

dile a tu madre que se ponga — ask your mother to come to the phone

* * *

= affix, fit, put, set, lay, set up, lay out on, lay down, deposit, play, lay out, plant, bung + Nombe + in, get on.

Ex. Some libraries use small stickers affixed to the spines which have cartoons or ideograms indicating a special genre.

Ex. One such method requires that each book has a magnetic strip inserted into the spine and a special exit door is fitted across which an electric signal is beamed.

Ex. If you encounter an unlabeled document during charge-out, peel off one of the preprinted labels and put it in the document.

Ex. If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.

Ex. By such mutual assistance, the wits and endeavours of the world may no longer be as so many scattered coals, or firebrands, which, for want of union are soon quenched, whereas, being but laid together, they would have yielded a comfortable light and heat.

Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.

Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.

Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.

Ex. The run-off paper must be thick and absorbent to cope with the thick layer of ink deposited on it by the duplicator.

Ex. In another style of lesson, the book is approached through film clips, dramatizations on TV, or played on records or tapes made commercially.

Ex. There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.

Ex. The article is entitled 'To everything there is a season...a time to plant and a time to pluck up that which is planted: a life-cycle analysis of education for librarianship'.

Ex. Instead of bunging it in the washing machine, clean it carefully by hand using lukewarm water.

Ex. The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.

----

* con la mirada puesta en = in + Posesivo + sights.

* cosas + ponerse feas = things + get rough.

* costes + ponerse por las nubes = costs + spiral.

* de quita y pon = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up, removable.

* encargado de poner en práctica = implementor [implementer].

* no poner en duda = be unquestioned.

* poner a Alguien al cargo de = put + Nombre + in charge of.

* poner a Alguien al frente de = put + Nombre + in charge of.

* poner a Alguien al mando de = put + Nombre + in charge of.

* poner a Alguien al tanto de = fill + Alguien + in on.

* poner a Alguien contra las cuerdas = put + Nombre + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en contacto con = put + Nombre + in touch with.

* poner a Alguien en el compromiso de = leave + Nombre + with the choice of.

* poner a Alguien en guardia = put + Nombre + on + Posesivo + guard.

* poner a Alguien en su sitio = cut + Nombre + down to size, knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size.

* poner a Alguien en un aprieto = put + Nombre + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en un apuro = put + Alguien + on the spot, put + Nombre + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en un compromiso = put + Alguien + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en un pedestal = put + Nombre + on a pedestal.

* poner a cargo de = put in + charge of.

* poner a disposición = keep within + reach.

* poner a disposición de = make + available to, put at + the disposal of, place + at the disposal of, bring within + reach.

* poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.

* poner a la defensiva = put on + the defensive.

* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.

* poner al día = bring + Nombre + up to date, bring + Nombre + up to scratch.

* poner al día (de) = bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.

* poner Algo a disposición = put + Nombre + within reach.

* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.

* poner Algo al descubierto = bring + Nombre + to the surface.

* poner Algo a mano = put + Nombre + within reach.

* poner Algo a prueba = push + Nombre + to + Posesivo + limits.

* poner Algo en = stick + Nombre + on.

* poner Algo en Internet = put (out) + Nombre + on the web.

* poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.

* poner Algo por delante de = put + Nombre + ahead of.

* poner Alguien al descubierto = blow + Posesivo + cover.

* poner + Alguien + frenético = make + Alguien + furious.

* poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.

* poner al revés = upend.

* poner al tanto (de) = bring into + the swim of, bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.

* poner al tanto sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.

* poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.

* poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.

* poner a + Número = set to + Número.

* poner aparte = set + apart.

* poner a + Posesivo + disposición = put at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* poner a prueba = stretch, tax, try, strain, overtax, pilot, put to + the test, test, plumb + the depths of, trial, overstretch, push + the envelope, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on, push + Nombre + to the edge.

* poner a prueba la paciencia de Alguien = test + Posesivo + patience, try + Nombre + patience.

* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = try + the patience of a saint.

* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = test + the patience of a saint.

* poner a prueba una idea = test + idea, pilot + idea.

* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.

* poner atención = lend + an ear, listen (to).

* poner a un lado = lay + Nombre + aside, set + aside.

* poner bonito = get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue.

* poner carnada = bait.

* poner cebo = bait.

* poner como ejemplo = instance, cite + as an example, showcase.

* poner con chinchetas = thumbtack.

* poner delante de = lay before.

* poner de manifiesto = bring into + relief, highlight, show, state, throw into + relief, throw up, evince, illustrate, underscore, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], bring to + light, make + it + clear, lay + bare, provide + insight into, reveal, flag + Nombre + up.

* poner de manifiesto las mejores cualidades de = bring out + the best in.

* poner demasiado énfasis en Algo = overemphasise [over-emphasise] [overemphasize, -USA].

* poner de patitas en la calle = give + Nombre + the boot, sack, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, turf out.

* poner de pie = stand + upright.

* poner de pie apoyado sobre un costado = stand on + Posesivo + side.

* poner de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + bit.

* poner de relieve = bring into + relief, throw into + relief, underscore, highlight, show, state, throw up, evince, illustrate, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], flag + Nombre + up, reveal.

* poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.

* poner doble acristalamiento = double glaze.

* poner el candado = padlock.

* poner el centro de atención = put + focus.

* poner el colofón final = bookend.

* poner el culo = take + Nombre + lying down.

* poner el dedo en la llaga = hit + a (raw) nerve, touch on + raw nerve, hit + the nail on the head, strike + home, strike + a nerve, touch on + a sore spot, touch + a (raw) nerve.

* poner el despertador = set + the alarm clock.

* poner el énfasis = put + focus.

* poner el grito en el cielo = be (all) up in arms, kick up + a stink, kick up + a fuss, blow + Posesivo + top, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack, scream + blue murder, froth at + the mouth, shout + blue murder.

* poner el matasellos a una carta = postmark.

* poner el precio = price.

* poner el sello = stamp.

* poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.

* poner el sello de = rubber stamp.

* poner empeño = strive.

* poner en adobo = marinade.

* poner en alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.

* poner en alquiler = rent out.

* poner en apuros = cast + a shadow over, put + Nombre + in difficulties.

* poner encima = top with.

* poner en circulación = circulate.

* poner en claro = clear up.

* poner en cola = queue.

* poner en cola de espera = place + in queue.

* poner en contacto = bring into + relationship, contact, provide + an interface, bring into + contact.

* poner en contenedor = containerise [containerize, -USA].

* poner en cuarentena = quarantine.

* poner en cuestión = call into + question, render + questionable.

* poner en cuestión la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.

* poner en dificultades = put + Nombre + in difficulties.

* poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.

* poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.

* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.

* poner en el haber de = credit.

* poner en entredicho = challenge, cast + doubt on, subvert, compromise, cast + aspersions on, challenge + Posesivo + assumptions, doubt, question, call into + question, impugn.

* poner en entredicho una postura = compromise + position.

* poner en escena = stage.

* poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.

* poner en evidencia = make + it + clear, underline, bring to + light, put + Nombre + to shame, call + Posesivo + bluff, bring to + the fore.

* poner énfasis = put + emphasis.

* poner énfasis en = lay + stress on, place + emphasis on, lay + emphasis on.

* poner en forma = buff up.

* poner en funcionamiento = activate, set in + action, set up, trip, put into + working order, put in + place, put in + place, put into + place, set in + motion.

* poner en funcionamiento un programa = implement + program(me).

* poner en garantía = pawn.

* poner en hielo = ice.

* poner en juego = tap.

* poner en la calle = evict.

* poner en la pared = pin up.

* poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.

* poner en libertad = release from + jail.

* poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.

* poner en libertad condicional = release on + bail.

* poner en libertad condicional, poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.

* poner en lista de espera = put + on a waiting list.

* poner en marcha = implement, set up, trip, set out on, crank up.

* poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.

* poner en órbita = place into + orbit.

* poner en orden = tidy up, put in + order, clear up.

* poner en peligro = jeopardise [jeopardize, -USA], put into + jeopardy, imperil, put at + risk, compromise, endanger, pose + risk.

* poner en peligro la seguridad = breach + security.

* poner en peligro la vida = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.

* poner en práctica = exercise, implement, put into + practice, put to + work, put into + effect, put into + practical effect, put in + place, put into + place, translate into + practical action, bring to + bear, deploy.

* poner en práctica una idea = put + Posesivo + idea + into practice.

* poner en práctica una normativa = carry out + policy.

* poner en práctica un arte = practise + art.

* poner en préstamo = circulate.

* poner en primer plano = foreground.

* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.

* poner en remojo = steep.

* poner en ridículo = poke + fun at.

* poner en riesgo = put at + risk.

* poner en su sitio = put in + place.

* poner en tela de juicio = throw + doubt on, contest.

* poner en tensión = put + Nombre + under pressure.

* poner entre comillas = enclose + in quotation marks.

* poner entre corchetes = bracket.

* poner entre la espada y la pared = press to + the point.

* poner entre paréntesis = bracket.

* poner entre rejas = put + Nombre + behind bars.

* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.

* poner en venta = put on + sale.

* poner esfuerzo = give + effort.

* poner fin = curb, bring to + a close, draw to + a close.

* poner fin a = put + paid to, put + an end to, put + a stop to, call + a halt on, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, sound + the death knell for, kill off.

* poner fin a un embarazo = terminate + pregnancy.

* poner freno = curb.

* poner freno a = place + a curb on, clamp down on.

* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* poner guiones = hyphenate.

* poner huevos = lay + eggs, oviposit.

* poner impuestos = impose + VAT.

* poner la brida = bridle.

* poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.

* poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.

* poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.

* poner ladrillos = laying of bricks, lay + bricks.

* poner la fecha = date-stamp.

* poner la mesa = lay + the table.

* poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.

* poner la responsabilidad en = put + the burden on.

* poner las antenas = prick (up) + Posesivo + ears, Posesivo + antennas + go up.

* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.

* poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.

* poner las cartas sobre la mesa = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.

* poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.

* poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.

* poner las cosas en su lugar = set + the record straight.

* poner las esposas = handcuff.

* poner la vida en peligro = put + Posesivo + life at risk.

* ponerle el cascabel al gato = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for), stick out + Posesivo + neck.

* ponerle la guinda = put + icing on the cake.

* ponerle la mano encima a = lay + a finger on.

* ponerle los cuernos a = cuckold.

* ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.

* poner lo pelos de punta = frighten + the living daylights out of.

* poner los ojos en blanco = roll + Posesivo + eyes.

* poner los pelos de punta = bristle, scare + the living daylights out of, frighten + Nombre + to death, make + Posesivo + hair stand on end, scare + the hell out of.

* poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.

* poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.

* poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.

* poner más fuerte = crank up.

* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho empeño en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner negro = drive + Alguien + (a)round the bend.

* poner nervioso = rattle.

* poner nervioso a Alguien = give + Nombre + the screaming abdabs.

* poner + Nombre + a dieta = put + Nombre + on a diet.

* poner + Nombre + a + Nombre = place + Nombre + against + Nombre.

* poner objeciones = object.

* poner objeciones a = object to.

* poner obstáculos = cramp.

* poner orden = bring + order, tidying (up), create + order, clear out, clear up.

* poner orden en el caos = create + order out of chaos, create + order out of chaos.

* poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.

* poner parches = patch up, patch.

* poner patas arriba = upend.

* poner pegas = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.

* poner peros = baulk [balk, -USA], cavil (about/at), quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.

* poner por las nubes = praise + highly, wax + lyrical, wax + rapturous, praise + Nombre + to the skies, sing + Posesivo + praises.

* poner por los suelos = slate, slag + Nombre + off, mouth off, say + nasty things about, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, trash, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, rubbish.

* poner + Posesivo + granito de arena = do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + bit.

* poner precio a la cabeza de = declare + open season on.

* poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.

* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.

* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.

* poner reparos = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.

* poner sal = salt.

* ponerse = don, pull on, wax.

* ponerse a = set about + Gerundio, get (a)round to, settle down to, get down to + Nombre.

* ponerse a cero = roll over to + zero.

* ponerse a cubierto = run for + cover.

* ponerse a dieta = go on + a diet.

* ponerse a hacer = set out to + do.

* ponerse a hacer Algo en serio = buckle down to.

* ponerse al corriente = come up to + speed.

* ponerse al corriente de = catch up with, catch up on.

* ponerse al día = catching up, come up to + speed, get + up to speed.

* ponerse al día de = get up to + speed on.

* ponerse al día de un atraso = clear + backlog.

* ponerse al día en = catch up with, catch up on.

* ponerse Algo = slip + Nombre + on.

* ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.

* ponerse al tanto = get + up to speed, wise up.

* ponerse al tanto de = get up to + speed on.

* ponerse a malas con = run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* ponerse amarillo de envidia = turn + green with envy.

* ponerse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.

* ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.

* ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.

* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.

* ponerse blanco = turn + white, whiten.

* ponerse borroso = blur.

* ponerse ciego = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).

* ponerse + Color = go + Color.

* ponerse colorado = get + red in the face, go + bright red.

* ponerse colorado como un tomate = go + bright red.

* ponerse como loco = go + crazy, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.

* ponerse como una fiera = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse como unas castañuelas = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.

* ponerse como un energúmeno = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + a fuse, wax + indignant, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, tear + Posesivo + hair out, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse contentísimo = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.

* ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).

* ponerse del lado de = side with.

* ponerse del lado de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* ponerse de lleno a = buckle down to.

* ponerse de mil colores = go + bright red.

* ponerse de moda = come into + vogue, come into + fashion.

* ponerse de parte de = side with.

* ponerse de parte de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* ponerse de pie = rise, stand up, get to + Posesivo + feet, rise to + Posesivo + feet.

* ponerse de punta = stand out.

* ponerse, el = donning, the.

* ponerse el cinturón = buckle up.

* ponerse en cola = queue up, line up.

* ponerse en contacto = make + contact.

* ponerse en contacto con = be in touch (with), interact (with), get in + touch with.

* ponerse en contra de = turn against.

* ponerse en cuclillas = squat (down), crouch (down).

* ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.

* ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.

* ponerse enfermo = get + sick.

* ponerse en fila = line up.

* ponerse en forma = get + fit.

* ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.

* ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.

* ponerse en marcha = set off, get off + the ground, swing into + action.

* ponerse en medio = get in + the way (of).

* ponerse en pie de guerra = dig up + the tomahawk, dig up + the hatchet, dig up + the war axe.

* ponerse en práctica = go into + effect.

* ponerse en ridículo = make + a spectacle of + Reflexivo.

* ponerse en tensión = tense up.

* ponerse firme = stand to + attention.

* ponerse frenético = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, work up + a lather, tear + Posesivo + hair out, be furious.

* ponerse fresco con = act + fresh with.

* ponerse furioso = infuriate, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.

* ponerse gallito = bluster.

* ponerse hecho una fiera = go + ballistic, go + berserk, blow + Posesivo + top, go + postal, go + crazy, blow + a fuse, lose + Posesivo + temper, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse hecho una furia = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.

* ponerse hecho un basilisco = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.

* ponerse hecho un energúmeno = go + ballistic, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse histérico = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler.

* ponerse la ropa rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.

* ponerse las medallas = take + the credit (for).

* ponerse las orejeras = put on + blinkers.

* ponerse las pilas = buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, put + Posesivo + skates on, get + Posesivo + skates on, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.

* ponerse las pilas, ponerse de lleno a, ponerse a trabajar en serio = buckle down to.

* ponerse loco = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather.

* ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.

* ponerse marrón = turn + brown.

* ponerse morado = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).

* ponerse nervioso = get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, be in a tizz(y), get in(to) a tizz(y), have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* ponerse por las nubes = go + ballistic.

* ponerse rígido = stiffen.

* ponerse rojo = get + red in the face, go + bright red.

* ponerse rojo como un tomate = go + bright red.

* ponerse seriamente a = settle to.

* ponerse tenso = tense up, stress + Nombre + out.

* ponerse tibio = pig out (on).

* ponerse una tarea = set + Reflexivo + task.

* poner sobre aviso = alert to.

* poner término a = put + paid to.

* poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = give + Posesivo + best, do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.

* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.

* poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* poner trabas = cramp.

* poner una bomba = plant + bomb.

* poner una demanda = face + legal action.

* poner una denuncia = file + police report.

* poner una marca de comprobación = check-mark.

* poner una nota en un sitio público = post.

* poner una reclamación = appeal.

* poner una señal = put up + a sign, put up + a notice.

* poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.

* poner una tienda = pitch + tent.

* poner un círculo alrededor = circle.

* poner un ejemplo = take + an example, draw + example.

* poner un letrero = put up + a sign, post + a notice, put up + a notice.

* poner un pie = set + foot (inside/in/on).

* poner un poquito de picante = pep up.

* poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.

* poner verde = mouth off, get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue, trash, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, slate, rubbish.

* poner vertical = stand + upright, upend.

* poner y quitar = get on and off.

* pongamos el caso de que = for the sake of + argument.

* pongamos, por ejemplo,... = let us say, take, for example,..., take, for instance,....

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* precio + ponerse por las nubes = price + go through the roof, price + spiral out of control, price + soar through the roof.

* precios + ponerse por las nubes = prices + spiral.

* que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.

* que pone obstáculos = obstructive.

* quita o pon = give or take.

* sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.

* sin poner en escena = unproduced.

* sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.

* sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.

* sólo con la ropa interior puesta = in + Posesivo + underclothes.

* sol + ponerse (por) = sun + set (on).

* volver a ponerse al día = be back on track, be on track.

* ya lo quitas, ya lo pones = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

Sentido I

1)

a) ( colocar) to put

lo pusieron en el curso avanzado — he was put o placed in the advanced class

pon agua a calentar — put some water on to boil

no le puso la tapa — he didn't put the lid on

ponle el collar al perro — put the dog's collar on

b) <anuncio/aviso> to place, put

2) ( agregar) to put

¿cuándo se le pone el agua? — when do you put the water in?, when do you add the water?

¿le pones azúcar al café? — do you take sugar in your coffee?

3) <ropa/calzado> (+ me/te/le etc)

¿me pones los zapatos? — can you put my shoes on (for me)?

le puse el vestido rojo — I dressed her in her red dress

4) <inyección/supositorio> to give

5)

poner la mesa — to lay o set the table

pon otro cubierto para Juan — lay another place at the table for Juan

6)

a) (instalar, montar) <oficina/restaurante> to open

puso una autoescuela — he opened up a driving school

les ayudó a poner la casa — he helped them set up house o home

b) <cocina/teléfono/calefacción> to install

c) cerradura/armario to fit

pusimos parqué en el salón — we laid parquet flooring in the living room

7) ave < huevo> to lay

8) (Esp) (servir, dar)

¿qué le pongo? — what can I get you?

póngame un café, por favor — I'll have a coffee, please

¿cuántos le pongo? — how many would you like?

Sentido II

9)

a) ( contribuir)

él pone el capital y yo el trabajo — he puts up the capital and I supply the labor

pusimos 500 pesos cada uno — we put in 500 pesos each

b) ( proporcionar) autobús/tren to lay on

10) < atención> to pay; <cuidado/interés> to take

pon atención en lo que haces — pay attention to what you're doing

pon más cuidado en la presentación — take more care over the presentation

pone mucho entusiasmo en todo lo que hace — he puts a lot of enthusiasm into everything he does

poner énfasis en algo — to stress something

11)

a) ( imponer) < deberes> to give, set; <examen/problema> to set

le pusieron una multa — he was fined

b) ( oponer)

no puso inconveniente — he didn't have o raise any objections

a todo le pone peros or pegas — she finds fault with everything

c) ( adjudicar) < nota> to give

¿qué nota te puso? — what mark did he give you?

le pusieron un cero — he got nought out of ten

12) ( dar) <nombre/apodo> to give; < ejemplo> to give

¿qué título le pusiste? — what title did you give it?

le pusieron Eva — they called her Eva

le pusieron el apodo de `el cojo' — they nicknamed him `el cojo'

13) ( enviar) < telegrama> to send

14) ( escribir) to put

no sé que ponerle — I don't know what to put o say

15) (esp Esp) ( expresar por escrito) to say

allí pone que no se puede pasar — it says there that you can't go in

16) (Esp) (exhibir, dar) <obra/película>

¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? — is there anything interesting on TV?

¿qué ponen en el Royal? — what's on o what's showing at the Royal?

en el teatro ponen una obra de Casares — there's a play by Casares on at the theater

17) (RPl) ( tardar) to take

de allí a Salta pusimos tres horas — it took us three hours from there to Salta

Sentido III

18) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)

poner a alguien nervioso — to make somebody nervous

poner a alguien de mal humor — to put somebody in a bad mood

poner a alguien en evidencia — to show somebody up

poner a alguien en un aprieto — to put somebody in an awkward position

nos puso al corriente de lo sucedido — he brought us up to date on what had happened

mira cómo has puesto la alfombra! — look at the mess you've made on the carpet!

me lo estás poniendo muy difícil — you're making things very difficult for me

19) ( adoptar) cara/voz

no pongas esa cara — there's no need to look like that

puso voz de asustado — he sounded scared

20)

a) ( hacer empezar)

me pusieron a régimen — they put me on a diet

poner a alguien a + inf: puso a las hijas a trabajar he sent his daughters out to work; lo puse a hacer los deberes — I made him do his homework

b)

poner a alguien de algo: la pusieron de jefa de sección they made her head of department; lo pusieron de ángel he was given the part of an angel; siempre te pone de ejemplo — he always holds you up as an example

21) ( suponer)

pon que perdemos ese tren... — say we miss that train o if we (were to) miss that train...

pongamos (por caso) que están equivocados — suppose o let's just say they're wrong

ponerle — (esp AmL)

¿cuánto se tarda? - ponle dos horas — how long does it take? - about two hours o reckon on two hours

Sentido IV

22)

a) (conectar, encender) <televisión/calefacción> to turn on, switch on, put on; <programa/canal> to put on; < disco> to put on

puso el motor en marcha — she switched on o started the engine

nos van a poner la luz — we're going to have our electricity connected

b) (ajustar, graduar)

pon el despertador a las siete — set the alarm (clock) for seven

pon la música más alta — turn the music up

puso el reloj en hora — she put the clock right

poner el motor a punto — to tune up the engine

23) (Esp) ( al teléfono)

en seguida le pongo — I'm just putting you through o connecting you

poner a alguien con algo/alguien — to put somebody through to something/somebody

¿me pone con la extensión 24? — could you put me through to extension 24, please?
2.
vi gallina to lay
3.
1) ponerse v pron

Sentido I

2)

a) (refl) ( colocarse)

pongámonos a la sombra — let's sit (o lie etc) in the shade

ponerse de pie — to stand (up)

ponerse de rodillas — to kneel (down), get down on one's knees

ponte ahí, junto al árbol — stand over there, by the tree

se me/le puso que... — (AmS fam) I/he had a feeling that... (colloq)

se le pone cada cosa... — he gets the strangest ideas into his head

b) (Esp) ( llegar)

en una hora nos pusimos allí — we got there in one hour

3) sol to set

4) (refl) <calzado/maquillaje/alhaja> to put on

no tengo nada que ponerme — I don't have a thing to wear

me puse el collar de perlas — I wore o put on my pearl necklace

Sentido II

5) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)

se puso triste — she became sad

cuando lo vio se puso muy contenta — she was so happy when she saw it

se puso como loco — he went mad

quiero ponerme morena — I want to get a tan

ponerse cómodo — to make oneself comfortable

no te pongas así — don't get so worked up

cómo te has puesto de barro! — look at you, you're covered in mud!

la vida se está poniendo carísima — everything's getting so expensive

6)

a) ( empezar)

ponerse a + inf — to start -ing, to start + inf

se puso a llover — it started raining o started to rain

a ver si te pones a trabajar — you'd better get down to some work

b) (CS arg) ( contribuir dinero)

cuando llega la cuenta hay que ponerse — when the bill comes, everyone has to cough up (colloq)

yo me pongo con cien — I'll put in o chip in a hundred

Sentido III

7) (Esp) ( al teléfono)

¿Pepe? sí, ahora se pone — Pepe? OK, I'll just get him for you

dile a tu madre que se ponga — ask your mother to come to the phone

* * *

= affix, fit, put, set, lay, set up, lay out on, lay down, deposit, play, lay out, plant, bung + Nombe + in, get on.

Ex: Some libraries use small stickers affixed to the spines which have cartoons or ideograms indicating a special genre.

Ex: One such method requires that each book has a magnetic strip inserted into the spine and a special exit door is fitted across which an electric signal is beamed.

Ex: If you encounter an unlabeled document during charge-out, peel off one of the preprinted labels and put it in the document.

Ex: If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.

Ex: By such mutual assistance, the wits and endeavours of the world may no longer be as so many scattered coals, or firebrands, which, for want of union are soon quenched, whereas, being but laid together, they would have yielded a comfortable light and heat.

Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.

Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.

Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.

Ex: The run-off paper must be thick and absorbent to cope with the thick layer of ink deposited on it by the duplicator.

Ex: In another style of lesson, the book is approached through film clips, dramatizations on TV, or played on records or tapes made commercially.

Ex: There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.

Ex: The article is entitled 'To everything there is a season...a time to plant and a time to pluck up that which is planted: a life-cycle analysis of education for librarianship'.

Ex: Instead of bunging it in the washing machine, clean it carefully by hand using lukewarm water.

Ex: The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.

* con la mirada puesta en = in + Posesivo + sights.

* cosas + ponerse feas = things + get rough.

* costes + ponerse por las nubes = costs + spiral.

* de quita y pon = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up, removable.

* encargado de poner en práctica = implementor [implementer].

* no poner en duda = be unquestioned.

* poner a Alguien al cargo de = put + Nombre + in charge of.

* poner a Alguien al frente de = put + Nombre + in charge of.

* poner a Alguien al mando de = put + Nombre + in charge of.

* poner a Alguien al tanto de = fill + Alguien + in on.

* poner a Alguien contra las cuerdas = put + Nombre + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en contacto con = put + Nombre + in touch with.

* poner a Alguien en el compromiso de = leave + Nombre + with the choice of.

* poner a Alguien en guardia = put + Nombre + on + Posesivo + guard.

* poner a Alguien en su sitio = cut + Nombre + down to size, knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size.

* poner a Alguien en un aprieto = put + Nombre + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en un apuro = put + Alguien + on the spot, put + Nombre + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en un compromiso = put + Alguien + on the spot.

* poner a Alguien en un pedestal = put + Nombre + on a pedestal.

* poner a cargo de = put in + charge of.

* poner a disposición = keep within + reach.

* poner a disposición de = make + available to, put at + the disposal of, place + at the disposal of, bring within + reach.

* poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.

* poner a la defensiva = put on + the defensive.

* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.

* poner al día = bring + Nombre + up to date, bring + Nombre + up to scratch.

* poner al día (de) = bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.

* poner Algo a disposición = put + Nombre + within reach.

* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.

* poner Algo al descubierto = bring + Nombre + to the surface.

* poner Algo a mano = put + Nombre + within reach.

* poner Algo a prueba = push + Nombre + to + Posesivo + limits.

* poner Algo en = stick + Nombre + on.

* poner Algo en Internet = put (out) + Nombre + on the web.

* poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.

* poner Algo por delante de = put + Nombre + ahead of.

* poner Alguien al descubierto = blow + Posesivo + cover.

* poner + Alguien + frenético = make + Alguien + furious.

* poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.

* poner al revés = upend.

* poner al tanto (de) = bring into + the swim of, bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.

* poner al tanto sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.

* poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.

* poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.

* poner a + Número = set to + Número.

* poner aparte = set + apart.

* poner a + Posesivo + disposición = put at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* poner a prueba = stretch, tax, try, strain, overtax, pilot, put to + the test, test, plumb + the depths of, trial, overstretch, push + the envelope, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on, push + Nombre + to the edge.

* poner a prueba la paciencia de Alguien = test + Posesivo + patience, try + Nombre + patience.

* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = try + the patience of a saint.

* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = test + the patience of a saint.

* poner a prueba una idea = test + idea, pilot + idea.

* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.

* poner atención = lend + an ear, listen (to).

* poner a un lado = lay + Nombre + aside, set + aside.

* poner bonito = get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue.

* poner carnada = bait.

* poner cebo = bait.

* poner como ejemplo = instance, cite + as an example, showcase.

* poner con chinchetas = thumbtack.

* poner delante de = lay before.

* poner de manifiesto = bring into + relief, highlight, show, state, throw into + relief, throw up, evince, illustrate, underscore, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], bring to + light, make + it + clear, lay + bare, provide + insight into, reveal, flag + Nombre + up.

* poner de manifiesto las mejores cualidades de = bring out + the best in.

* poner demasiado énfasis en Algo = overemphasise [over-emphasise] [overemphasize, -USA].

* poner de patitas en la calle = give + Nombre + the boot, sack, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, turf out.

* poner de pie = stand + upright.

* poner de pie apoyado sobre un costado = stand on + Posesivo + side.

* poner de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + bit.

* poner de relieve = bring into + relief, throw into + relief, underscore, highlight, show, state, throw up, evince, illustrate, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], flag + Nombre + up, reveal.

* poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.

* poner doble acristalamiento = double glaze.

* poner el candado = padlock.

* poner el centro de atención = put + focus.

* poner el colofón final = bookend.

* poner el culo = take + Nombre + lying down.

* poner el dedo en la llaga = hit + a (raw) nerve, touch on + raw nerve, hit + the nail on the head, strike + home, strike + a nerve, touch on + a sore spot, touch + a (raw) nerve.

* poner el despertador = set + the alarm clock.

* poner el énfasis = put + focus.

* poner el grito en el cielo = be (all) up in arms, kick up + a stink, kick up + a fuss, blow + Posesivo + top, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack, scream + blue murder, froth at + the mouth, shout + blue murder.

* poner el matasellos a una carta = postmark.

* poner el precio = price.

* poner el sello = stamp.

* poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.

* poner el sello de = rubber stamp.

* poner empeño = strive.

* poner en adobo = marinade.

* poner en alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.

* poner en alquiler = rent out.

* poner en apuros = cast + a shadow over, put + Nombre + in difficulties.

* poner encima = top with.

* poner en circulación = circulate.

* poner en claro = clear up.

* poner en cola = queue.

* poner en cola de espera = place + in queue.

* poner en contacto = bring into + relationship, contact, provide + an interface, bring into + contact.

* poner en contenedor = containerise [containerize, -USA].

* poner en cuarentena = quarantine.

* poner en cuestión = call into + question, render + questionable.

* poner en cuestión la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.

* poner en dificultades = put + Nombre + in difficulties.

* poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.

* poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.

* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.

* poner en el haber de = credit.

* poner en entredicho = challenge, cast + doubt on, subvert, compromise, cast + aspersions on, challenge + Posesivo + assumptions, doubt, question, call into + question, impugn.

* poner en entredicho una postura = compromise + position.

* poner en escena = stage.

* poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.

* poner en evidencia = make + it + clear, underline, bring to + light, put + Nombre + to shame, call + Posesivo + bluff, bring to + the fore.

* poner énfasis = put + emphasis.

* poner énfasis en = lay + stress on, place + emphasis on, lay + emphasis on.

* poner en forma = buff up.

* poner en funcionamiento = activate, set in + action, set up, trip, put into + working order, put in + place, put in + place, put into + place, set in + motion.

* poner en funcionamiento un programa = implement + program(me).

* poner en garantía = pawn.

* poner en hielo = ice.

* poner en juego = tap.

* poner en la calle = evict.

* poner en la pared = pin up.

* poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.

* poner en libertad = release from + jail.

* poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.

* poner en libertad condicional = release on + bail.

* poner en libertad condicional, poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.

* poner en lista de espera = put + on a waiting list.

* poner en marcha = implement, set up, trip, set out on, crank up.

* poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.

* poner en órbita = place into + orbit.

* poner en orden = tidy up, put in + order, clear up.

* poner en peligro = jeopardise [jeopardize, -USA], put into + jeopardy, imperil, put at + risk, compromise, endanger, pose + risk.

* poner en peligro la seguridad = breach + security.

* poner en peligro la vida = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.

* poner en práctica = exercise, implement, put into + practice, put to + work, put into + effect, put into + practical effect, put in + place, put into + place, translate into + practical action, bring to + bear, deploy.

* poner en práctica una idea = put + Posesivo + idea + into practice.

* poner en práctica una normativa = carry out + policy.

* poner en práctica un arte = practise + art.

* poner en préstamo = circulate.

* poner en primer plano = foreground.

* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.

* poner en remojo = steep.

* poner en ridículo = poke + fun at.

* poner en riesgo = put at + risk.

* poner en su sitio = put in + place.

* poner en tela de juicio = throw + doubt on, contest.

* poner en tensión = put + Nombre + under pressure.

* poner entre comillas = enclose + in quotation marks.

* poner entre corchetes = bracket.

* poner entre la espada y la pared = press to + the point.

* poner entre paréntesis = bracket.

* poner entre rejas = put + Nombre + behind bars.

* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.

* poner en venta = put on + sale.

* poner esfuerzo = give + effort.

* poner fin = curb, bring to + a close, draw to + a close.

* poner fin a = put + paid to, put + an end to, put + a stop to, call + a halt on, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, sound + the death knell for, kill off.

* poner fin a un embarazo = terminate + pregnancy.

* poner freno = curb.

* poner freno a = place + a curb on, clamp down on.

* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* poner guiones = hyphenate.

* poner huevos = lay + eggs, oviposit.

* poner impuestos = impose + VAT.

* poner la brida = bridle.

* poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.

* poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.

* poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.

* poner ladrillos = laying of bricks, lay + bricks.

* poner la fecha = date-stamp.

* poner la mesa = lay + the table.

* poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.

* poner la responsabilidad en = put + the burden on.

* poner las antenas = prick (up) + Posesivo + ears, Posesivo + antennas + go up.

* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.

* poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.

* poner las cartas sobre la mesa = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.

* poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.

* poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.

* poner las cosas en su lugar = set + the record straight.

* poner las esposas = handcuff.

* poner la vida en peligro = put + Posesivo + life at risk.

* ponerle el cascabel al gato = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for), stick out + Posesivo + neck.

* ponerle la guinda = put + icing on the cake.

* ponerle la mano encima a = lay + a finger on.

* ponerle los cuernos a = cuckold.

* ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.

* poner lo pelos de punta = frighten + the living daylights out of.

* poner los ojos en blanco = roll + Posesivo + eyes.

* poner los pelos de punta = bristle, scare + the living daylights out of, frighten + Nombre + to death, make + Posesivo + hair stand on end, scare + the hell out of.

* poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.

* poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.

* poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.

* poner más fuerte = crank up.

* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho empeño en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner negro = drive + Alguien + (a)round the bend.

* poner nervioso = rattle.

* poner nervioso a Alguien = give + Nombre + the screaming abdabs.

* poner + Nombre + a dieta = put + Nombre + on a diet.

* poner + Nombre + a + Nombre = place + Nombre + against + Nombre.

* poner objeciones = object.

* poner objeciones a = object to.

* poner obstáculos = cramp.

* poner orden = bring + order, tidying (up), create + order, clear out, clear up.

* poner orden en el caos = create + order out of chaos, create + order out of chaos.

* poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.

* poner parches = patch up, patch.

* poner patas arriba = upend.

* poner pegas = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.

* poner peros = baulk [balk, -USA], cavil (about/at), quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.

* poner por las nubes = praise + highly, wax + lyrical, wax + rapturous, praise + Nombre + to the skies, sing + Posesivo + praises.

* poner por los suelos = slate, slag + Nombre + off, mouth off, say + nasty things about, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, trash, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, rubbish.

* poner + Posesivo + granito de arena = do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + bit.

* poner precio a la cabeza de = declare + open season on.

* poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.

* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.

* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.

* poner reparos = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.

* poner sal = salt.

* ponerse = don, pull on, wax.

* ponerse a = set about + Gerundio, get (a)round to, settle down to, get down to + Nombre.

* ponerse a cero = roll over to + zero.

* ponerse a cubierto = run for + cover.

* ponerse a dieta = go on + a diet.

* ponerse a hacer = set out to + do.

* ponerse a hacer Algo en serio = buckle down to.

* ponerse al corriente = come up to + speed.

* ponerse al corriente de = catch up with, catch up on.

* ponerse al día = catching up, come up to + speed, get + up to speed.

* ponerse al día de = get up to + speed on.

* ponerse al día de un atraso = clear + backlog.

* ponerse al día en = catch up with, catch up on.

* ponerse Algo = slip + Nombre + on.

* ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.

* ponerse al tanto = get + up to speed, wise up.

* ponerse al tanto de = get up to + speed on.

* ponerse a malas con = run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* ponerse amarillo de envidia = turn + green with envy.

* ponerse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.

* ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.

* ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.

* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.

* ponerse blanco = turn + white, whiten.

* ponerse borroso = blur.

* ponerse ciego = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).

* ponerse + Color = go + Color.

* ponerse colorado = get + red in the face, go + bright red.

* ponerse colorado como un tomate = go + bright red.

* ponerse como loco = go + crazy, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.

* ponerse como una fiera = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse como unas castañuelas = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.

* ponerse como un energúmeno = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + a fuse, wax + indignant, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, tear + Posesivo + hair out, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse contentísimo = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.

* ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).

* ponerse del lado de = side with.

* ponerse del lado de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* ponerse de lleno a = buckle down to.

* ponerse de mil colores = go + bright red.

* ponerse de moda = come into + vogue, come into + fashion.

* ponerse de parte de = side with.

* ponerse de parte de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* ponerse de pie = rise, stand up, get to + Posesivo + feet, rise to + Posesivo + feet.

* ponerse de punta = stand out.

* ponerse, el = donning, the.

* ponerse el cinturón = buckle up.

* ponerse en cola = queue up, line up.

* ponerse en contacto = make + contact.

* ponerse en contacto con = be in touch (with), interact (with), get in + touch with.

* ponerse en contra de = turn against.

* ponerse en cuclillas = squat (down), crouch (down).

* ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.

* ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.

* ponerse enfermo = get + sick.

* ponerse en fila = line up.

* ponerse en forma = get + fit.

* ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.

* ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.

* ponerse en marcha = set off, get off + the ground, swing into + action.

* ponerse en medio = get in + the way (of).

* ponerse en pie de guerra = dig up + the tomahawk, dig up + the hatchet, dig up + the war axe.

* ponerse en práctica = go into + effect.

* ponerse en ridículo = make + a spectacle of + Reflexivo.

* ponerse en tensión = tense up.

* ponerse firme = stand to + attention.

* ponerse frenético = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, work up + a lather, tear + Posesivo + hair out, be furious.

* ponerse fresco con = act + fresh with.

* ponerse furioso = infuriate, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.

* ponerse gallito = bluster.

* ponerse hecho una fiera = go + ballistic, go + berserk, blow + Posesivo + top, go + postal, go + crazy, blow + a fuse, lose + Posesivo + temper, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse hecho una furia = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.

* ponerse hecho un basilisco = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.

* ponerse hecho un energúmeno = go + ballistic, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.

* ponerse histérico = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler.

* ponerse la ropa rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.

* ponerse las medallas = take + the credit (for).

* ponerse las orejeras = put on + blinkers.

* ponerse las pilas = buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, put + Posesivo + skates on, get + Posesivo + skates on, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.

* ponerse las pilas, ponerse de lleno a, ponerse a trabajar en serio = buckle down to.

* ponerse loco = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather.

* ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.

* ponerse marrón = turn + brown.

* ponerse morado = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).

* ponerse nervioso = get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, be in a tizz(y), get in(to) a tizz(y), have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* ponerse por las nubes = go + ballistic.

* ponerse rígido = stiffen.

* ponerse rojo = get + red in the face, go + bright red.

* ponerse rojo como un tomate = go + bright red.

* ponerse seriamente a = settle to.

* ponerse tenso = tense up, stress + Nombre + out.

* ponerse tibio = pig out (on).

* ponerse una tarea = set + Reflexivo + task.

* poner sobre aviso = alert to.

* poner término a = put + paid to.

* poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = give + Posesivo + best, do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.

* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.

* poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.

* poner trabas = cramp.

* poner una bomba = plant + bomb.

* poner una demanda = face + legal action.

* poner una denuncia = file + police report.

* poner una marca de comprobación = check-mark.

* poner una nota en un sitio público = post.

* poner una reclamación = appeal.

* poner una señal = put up + a sign, put up + a notice.

* poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.

* poner una tienda = pitch + tent.

* poner un círculo alrededor = circle.

* poner un ejemplo = take + an example, draw + example.

* poner un letrero = put up + a sign, post + a notice, put up + a notice.

* poner un pie = set + foot (inside/in/on).

* poner un poquito de picante = pep up.

* poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.

* poner verde = mouth off, get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue, trash, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, slate, rubbish.

* poner vertical = stand + upright, upend.

* poner y quitar = get on and off.

* pongamos el caso de que = for the sake of + argument.

* pongamos, por ejemplo,... = let us say, take, for example,..., take, for instance,....

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* precio + ponerse por las nubes = price + go through the roof, price + spiral out of control, price + soar through the roof.

* precios + ponerse por las nubes = prices + spiral.

* que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.

* que pone obstáculos = obstructive.

* quita o pon = give or take.

* sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.

* sin poner en escena = unproduced.

* sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.

* sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.

* sólo con la ropa interior puesta = in + Posesivo + underclothes.

* sol + ponerse (por) = sun + set (on).

* volver a ponerse al día = be back on track, be on track.

* ya lo quitas, ya lo pones = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up.

* * *

poner [ E22 ]

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

■ poner (verbo transitivo)

Sentido I

A

1 colocar

2 poner: anuncio, aviso

B agregar

C ropa, calzado etc

D ‹inyección/supositorio›

E poner la mesa

F

1 instalar, montar

2 poner: cocina, teléfono etc

3 poner: cerradura etc

G poner: huevos

H servir, dar

Sentido II

A

1 contribuir

2 proporcionar

B poner: atención, cuidado

C

1 imponer

2 oponer

3 adjudicar

D poner: nombre

E enviar

F escribir

G

1 expresar por escrito

2 impersonal

H exhibir, dar

I tardar

Sentido III

A en un estado, una situación

B poner: cara, voz, etc

C

1 hacer empezar

2 poner a alguien de algo

D suponer

Sentido IV

A

1 conectar, encender

2 ajustar, graduar

B poner al teléfono

■ poner (verbo intransitivo)

A

1 apostar

2 contribuir dinero

B poner: gallinas

C México: vulg

■ ponerse (verbo pronominal)

Sentido I

A

1 colocarse

2 llegar

B ponerse: el sol

C ponerse: calzado etc

Sentido II

A en un estado, una situación

B

1 empezar

2 esforzarse, esmerarse

3 contribuir dinero

Sentido III ponerse al teléfono

vt

Sentido I

A

1 (colocar) to put

¿dónde habré puesto las llaves? where can I have put the keys?

¿dónde vas a poner este cuadro? where are you going to put o hang this picture?

pon ese cuadro derecho put that picture straight, straighten that picture

lo pusieron en el curso avanzado he was put o placed in the advanced class

ponle la cadena a la puerta put the chain on the door

pon agua a calentar put some water on to boil

2 ‹anuncio/aviso› to place, put

pusieron un anuncio en el periódico they put o placed an advertisement in the newspaper

B (agregar) to put

¿cuándo se le pone el agua? when do you put the water in?, when do you add the water?

¿le has puesto sal a la sopa? have you put any salt in the soup?

¿le pones azúcar al café? do you take sugar in your coffee?

C ‹ropa/calzado› (+ me/te/le etc):

¿me pones los zapatos? can you put my shoes on (for me)?

le puse el vestido rojo I dressed her in her red dress

D ‹inyección/supositorio› to give

el dentista le puso una inyección the dentist gave him an injection

E

poner la mesa to lay o set the table

F

1 (instalar, montar) ‹oficina/restaurante› to open

puso un estudio junto con otra arquitecta she set up in business with another architect

consiguió permiso para poner una autoescuela he got permission to open a driving school

les ayudó a poner la casa he helped them set up house o home

pusieron la casa/oficina a todo lujo they furnished the house/fitted the office out in style

le puso un apartamento a su amante he set his mistress up in an apartment

2 ‹cocina/teléfono/calefacción› to install

van a poner cocinas de gas they are going to install o fit gas cookers

3 ‹cerradura/armario› to fit

G «ave» ‹huevos› to lay

H

( Esp) (servir, dar): ¿qué le pongo? what can I get you?

póngame un café, por favor I'll have a coffee, please

¿cuántos le pongo, señora? how many would you like, madam?

Sentido II

A

1 (contribuir):

él pone el capital y yo el trabajo he puts up the capital and I supply the labor

pusimos 500 pesos cada uno we put in 500 pesos each

que cada uno ponga lo que pueda each person should give what he or she can afford

2 (proporcionar) ‹autobús/tren› to lay on

la empresa puso la comida y la bebida food and drink was laid on by the company

B ‹atención› to pay; ‹cuidado› to take

pon más atención en lo que estás haciendo pay more attention to what you're doing

no ha puesto ningún cuidado en este trabajo she hasn't taken any care at all over this piece of work

pone mucho entusiasmo en todo lo que hace he's very enthusiastic about everything he does, he puts a lot of enthusiasm into everything he does

C

1 (imponer) ‹deberes› to give, set; ‹examen› to set

nos pusieron 20 preguntas we were given o set 20 questions

le pusieron una multa por exceso de velocidad he was fined for speeding

2

(oponer): no me puso ningún inconveniente he didn't have o raise any objections

a todo le tiene que poner peros or pegas she finds fault with everything

3 (adjudicar) ‹nota› to give

¿qué (nota) te puso en la redacción? what (mark) did he give you for your essay?

le pusieron un cero he got nought out of ten

D (dar) ‹nombre/apodo› to give

¡qué nombre más feo le pusieron! what a horrible name to give him!

le pusieron Eva they called her Eva

¿qué título le vas a poner al poema? what title are you going to give the poem?, what are you going to call the poem?

le pusieron el sobrenombre de `el cojo' they nicknamed him `el cojo'

E (enviar) ‹telegrama› to send; ‹carta› to mail ( AmE), to post ( BrE)

F (escribir) to put

no has puesto ningún acento you haven't put any of the accents in

no sé qué más ponerle I don't know what else to put o write

puso mi nombre en la lista she put my name down on the list

G ( esp Esp)

1 (expresar por escrito) to say

el periódico no pone nada sobre el robo the newspaper doesn't say anything about the robbery

2 ( impersonal):

mira a ver lo que pone en esa nota see what that note says

allí pone que no se puede pasar it says there that you can't go in

¿qué pone aquí? what does it say here?, what does this say?

H ( Esp) (exhibir, dar)

‹obra/película› ¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? is there anything interesting on TV?

¿qué ponen en el Trocadero? what's on o what's showing at the Trocadero?

en el teatro ponen una obra de Casares there's a play by Casares on at the theater

no pusieron ninguna película buena en Navidad there wasn't a single good film on over Christmas, they didn't show a single good film over Christmas

I ( RPl) (tardar) to take

el avión pone media hora de Montevideo a Buenos Aires the plane takes half an hour from Montevideo to Buenos Aires

de allí a Salta pusimos tres horas it took us three hours from there to Salta

Sentido III

A (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl):

me pones nerviosa you're making me nervous

ya la has puesto de mal humor now you've put her in a bad mood

¿por qué me pusiste en evidencia así? why did you show me up like that?

lo pusiste en un aprieto you put him in an awkward position

nos puso al corriente de lo sucedido he brought us up to date with what had happened

¡mira cómo has puesto la alfombra! look at the mess you've made on the carpet!

me estás poniendo las cosas muy difíciles you're making things very difficult for me

B (adoptar) ‹cara/voz›

no pongas esa cara there's no need to look like that

puso cara de enfado he looked annoyed

puso voz de asustado he sounded scared

C

1

(hacer empezar): el médico me puso a régimen the doctor put me on a diet

poner a algn A + INF:

tuvo que poner a las hijas a trabajar he had to send his daughters out to work

lo puso a estudiar guitarra con Rodríguez she sent him to have guitar lessons with Rodríguez

lo puso a pelar cebollas she set him to work peeling onions

2 poner a algn DE algo:

la pusieron de jefa de sección they made her head of department

lo pusieron de ángel he was given a part as an angel, he was given the part of an angel

su padre lo puso de botones en la oficina his father gave him a job as an office boy

siempre te pone de ejemplo he always holds you up as an example

D

(suponer): pon que perdemos ese tren, no podríamos volver say we miss that train o if we (were to) miss that train, then we wouldn't be able to get back

pon que es cierto ¿qué harías entonces? say o suppose o supposing it is true, then what would you do?

pongamos (por caso) que están equivocados suppose o let's just say they're wrong

ponerle ( AmL): ¿cuánto se tarda? — ponle dos horas how long does it take? — about two hours o in the region of two hours o reckon on two hours

¿cuánto nos costará? — y … pónganle alrededor de $200 how much will it cost us? — well, … you'd better reckon on about $200

Sentido IV

A

1 (conectar, encender) ‹televisión/calefacción› to turn o switch o put on; ‹programa/canal› to put on

pon un disco put on a record

puso el motor en marcha she switched on o started the engine

todavía no nos han puesto la luz we haven't had our electricity connected yet

2

(ajustar, graduar): pon el despertador a las siete set the alarm (clock) for seven

¿puedes poner la música un poco más alta? can you turn the music up a bit?

puso el reloj en hora she put the clock right, she set the clock to the right time

poner el motor a punto to tune up the engine

B

( Esp) (al teléfono): en seguida le pongo I'm just putting you through o connecting you

poner a algn CON algn/algo to put sb THROUGH TO sb/sth

¿me puede poner con el director, por favor? could you put me through to o could I speak to the director, please?

¿me pone con la extensión 24? could you put me through to o can I have extension 24, please?

■ poner

vi

A

1 ( Jueg) (apostar) to put in

2 (contribuir dinero) to contribute

¿vas a poner para el regalo de Pilar? are you going to give something o contribute toward(s) Pilar's present?

B «gallina» to lay

C ( Méx vulg) (copular) to score (sl)

■ ponerse

v pron

Sentido I

A

1 ( refl)

(colocarse): pongámonos un rato a la sombra let's sit ( o lie etc) in the shade for a while

ponerse de pie to stand up, stand

ponerse de rodillas to kneel, kneel down, get down on one's knees

ponte ahí, junto al árbol stand over there, by the tree

ponérsele a algn algo ( AmL fam): se le puso que tenía que escalar la montaña he got it into his head that he had to climb the mountain

a ese viejo se le pone cada cosa that old man gets the strangest ideas into his head

2

( Esp) (llegar): en diez minutos nos ponemos allí we can be there in ten minutes

B «sol» to set

C ( refl) ‹calzado/maquillaje/alhaja› to put on

ponte el abrigo put your coat on

no tengo nada que ponerme I don't have a thing to wear

mi hermano siempre se pone mi ropa my brother is always borrowing my clothes

ponte un poco de sombra de ojos put on a little eyeshadow

me puse el collar de perlas I wore o put on my pearl necklace

Sentido II

A (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl):

me puse furiosa I got very angry

cuando lo vio se puso muy contenta she was so happy when she saw it

adelante, pónganse cómodos come in, make yourselves comfortable

no te pongas así, que no es para tanto don't get so worked up, it's not that bad

¡mira cómo te has puesto de barro! just look at you, you're covered in mud!

no te imaginas cómo se puso, hecha una fiera you wouldn't believe the way she reacted, she went absolutely wild

la vida se está poniendo carísima everything's getting so expensive

B

1 (empezar) ponerse A + INF to start -ING

se va a poner a llover de un momento a otro it's going to start raining o to start to rain any minute

a ver si te pones a trabajar you'd better start working

se puso a llorar sin motivo aparente she started crying o to cry for no apparent reason

2 ( fam) (esforzarse, esmerarse) to try, make an effort

si te pones lo acabas hoy mismo if you make an effort o if you try o if you put your mind to it, you'll finish it today

3

(CS arg) (contribuir dinero): cuando se casaron el viejo se puso con $5.000 when they got married, her old man shelled out $5,000 ( colloq)

cuando llega la cuenta hay que ponerse when the check comes, everyone has to cough up ( colloq)

yo me pongo con cien I'll put in o chip in a hundred ( colloq)

Sentido III

( Esp) (al teléfono): ¿Pepe? sí, ahora se pone Pepe? OK, I'll just get him for you

dile a tu madre que se ponga tell your mother I want to speak to her, ask your mother to come to the phone

* * *

poner ( conjugate poner) verbo transitivo
1
a) ( colocar) to put;

◊ ponlo en el suelo put it on the floor;

ponle el collar al perro put the dog's collar on;
poner una bomba to plant a bomb
b) ‹anuncio/aviso› to place, put

c) ‹ ropa› (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ le puse el sombrero I put his hat on (for him)

2 ( agregar) to put
3 ‹inyección/supositorio› to give
4
◊ poner la mesa to lay o set the table

5 (instalar, montar)
a) ‹oficina/restaurante› to open

b) ‹cocina/teléfono/calefacción› to install

c) ‹cerradura/armario› to fit

6 [ ave] ‹ huevo› to lay
7 (Esp) (servir, dar):
◊ póngame un café, por favor I'll have a coffee, please;

¿cuántos le pongo? how many would you like?
1 ‹ dinero› ( contribuir) to put in;
◊ pusimos 500 pesos cada uno we put in 500 pesos each

2 ‹ atención› to pay;
‹cuidado/interés› to take;
◊ pon más cuidado en la presentación take more care over the presentation

3
a) ( imponer) ‹ deberes› to give, set;

‹examen/problema› to set;
◊ le pusieron una multa he was fined

b) ( oponer) ‹ inconvenientes› to raise;

◊ me pusieron problemas para entrar they made it difficult for me to get in

c) ( adjudicar) ‹ nota› to give

4 ( dar) ‹nombre/apodo› to give;
‹ ejemplo› to give;
◊ le pusieron Eva they called her Eva

5 ( enviar) ‹ telegrama› to send
6 ( escribir) ‹dedicatoria/líneas› to write
7 (Esp) (exhibir, dar) ‹ película› to show;
◊ ¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? is there anything interesting on TV?;

¿qué ponen en el Royal? what's on o what's showing at the Royal?
1
a) (conectar, encender) ‹televisión/calefacción› to turn on, switch on, put on;

‹programa/canal› to put on;
‹cinta/disco/música› to put on;
◊ puso el motor en marcha she switched on o started the engine

b) (ajustar, graduar) ‹ despertador› to set;

◊ pon la música más alta turn the music up;

puso el reloj en hora she put the clock right
2 (Esp) ( al teléfono): poner a algn con algo/algn to put sb through to sth/sb
(en estado, situación) (+ compl):
◊ poner a algn nervioso to make sb nervous;

poner a algn en un aprieto to put sb in an awkward position
vi [ ave] to lay
ponerse verbo pronominal
1 ( refl) ( colocarse):
◊ pongámonos ahí let's stand (o sit etc) there;

ponerse de pie to stand (up);
ponerse de rodillas to kneel (down), get down on one's knees
2 [ sol] to set
3 ( refl) ‹calzado/maquillaje/alhaja› to put on;
◊ no tengo nada que ponerme I don't have a thing to wear

1 (en estado, situación) (+ compl):
◊ ponerse enfermo to get sick;

se puso triste she became sad;
cuando lo vio se puso muy contenta she was so happy when she saw it;
se puso como loco he went mad;
ponerse cómodo to make oneself comfortable
2 ( empezar) ponerse a + inf to start -ing, to start + inf;
◊ se puso a llover it started raining, it started to rain

(Esp):
◊ ponerse al teléfono to come to the phone

poner verbo transitivo
1 (en un lugar, una situación) to put: me puso en un aprieto, he put me in a tight corner
(seguido de adjetivo) to make: me pone contento, he makes me happy
2 (hacer funcionar) to turn o switch on
3 (un fax, telegrama) to send
poner una conferencia, to make a long-distance call
4 (una multa, un castigo) to impose
5 (abrir un negocio) to set up
6 (vestir) to put on
7 (exponer) tienes que poner la planta al sol/a la sombra, you have to put the plant in the sun/shade
8 (aportar) yo puse mil pesetas, I contributed a thousand pesetas
9 (conjeturar, imaginar) to suppose: pongamos que..., supposing (that)...
10 (estar escrito) lo pone aquí, it's written here
no pone nada de eso, it doesn't say anything about that
11 TV Cine to put on, show
12 Tel ponme con él, put me through to him
13 (un nombre) le pondremos Tadeo, we are going to call him Tadeo
ya le puso título a la novela, he has already given the novel a title
♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a caldo, to pull sb to pieces
poner a cien, to make sb nervous: me pone a cien cuando habla de ese modo, when he talks that way I get nervous
poner en duda, to call into question: los inversores pusieron su competencia en duda, the investors questioned his competence
poner a alguien en evidencia, to show sb up
poner en evidencia, to show up: la situación pone en evidencia la falta de justicia del sistema, the situation exposes the system's unfairness
poner a alguien en su sitio, to put sb in his place
' poner' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
activar
- alinear
- alta
- alto
- altura
- antecedente
- antena
- arreglar
- arrinconar
- aunar
- bandeja
- brete
- cabeza
- calzar
- caldo
- calle
- cara
- cargar
- carta
- caso
- cien
- codificar
- comprometer
- confiar
- coto
- crecer
- cuenco
- cuestión
- dejar
- denuncia
- depositar
- descomponer
- descubierta
- descubierto
- desesperar
- diente
- dirigir
- discutir
- distribuir
- enchufar
- enderezar
- enervar
- enfermar
- enfrentar
- enmascarar
- entregar
- entregarse
- escenificar
- escobilla
- esmerarse
English:
acquaint
- action
- apply
- arm
- arrange
- aside
- best
- blur
- bond
- box
- bracket
- bundle
- bung
- cap
- cast
- cheek
- claim
- code
- collect
- compromise
- connect
- cork
- crack
- cross
- crown
- curb
- date
- dip
- discomfit
- dishwasher
- egg
- end
- endanger
- excite
- face
- fault
- feature
- fetter
- fill in
- fit
- fluster
- follow up
- forewarn
- free
- gather
- get
- glaze
- go
- gown
- grin

* * *

poner

♦ vt

1. [situar, agregar, meter] to put;

me pusieron en la última fila I was put in the back row;

ponle un poco más de sal put some more salt in it, add a bit of salt to it;

pon los juguetes en el armario put the toys (away) in the cupboard;

¿dónde habré puesto la calculadora? where can I have put o left the calculator?;

poner un anuncio en el periódico to put an advert in the paper;

poner un póster en la pared to put a poster up on the wall;

poner una inyección a alguien to give sb an injection;

hubo que ponerle un bozal al perro we had to put a muzzle on the dog, we had to muzzle the dog

2. [ropa, zapatos, maquillaje]
poner algo a alguien to put sth on sb;

ponle este pañal al bebé put this Br nappy o US diaper on the baby

3. [servir]
¿qué le pongo? what can I get you?, what would you like?;

póngame una cerveza, por favor I'd like o I'll have a beer, please;

¿cuánto le pongo? how much would you like?;

póngame un kilo give me a kilo

4. [contribuir, aportar] to put in;

poner dinero en el negocio to put money into the business;

poner algo de mi/tu/ etc[m5]. parte to do my/your/ etc bit;

poner mucho empeño en (hacer) algo to put a lot of effort into (doing) sth;

pon atención en lo que digo pay attention to what I'm saying;

hay que poner más cuidado con o [m5] en la ortografía you have to take more care over your spelling

5. [hacer estar de cierta manera]
poner a alguien en un aprieto/de mal humor to put sb in a difficult position/in a bad mood;

le has puesto colorado/nervioso you've made him blush/feel nervous;

ponérselo fácil/difícil a alguien to make things easy/difficult for sb;

lo puso todo perdido she made a real mess;

el profesor nos puso a hacer cuentas the teacher gave us some sums to do;

llegó y nos puso a todos a trabajar she arrived and set us all to work;

pon la sopa a calentar warm the soup up;

me pusieron de aprendiz de camarero they had me work as a trainee waiter;

poner cara de tonto/inocente to put on a stupid/an innocent face

6. [calificar]
poner a alguien de algo to call sb sth;

me pusieron de mentiroso they called me a liar;

poner bien algo/a alguien to praise sth/sb;

poner mal algo/a alguien to criticize sth/sb

7. [oponer]
poner obstáculos a algo to hinder sth;

poner pegas a algo to raise objections to sth

8. [asignar] [precio] to fix, to settle on;
[multa] to give; [deberes, examen, tarea] to give, to set;
le pusieron (de nombre) Mario they called him Mario;

me han puesto (en el turno) de noche I've been assigned to the night shift, they've put me on the night shift;

le pusieron un cinco en el examen he got five out of ten in the exam

9. [comunicar] [telegrama, fax, giro postal] to send;
[conferencia] to make; Esp
¿me pones con él? can you put me through to him?;
Esp
no cuelgue, ahora le pongo don't hang up, I'll put you through in a second

10. [conectar, hacer funcionar] [televisión, radio] to switch o put on;
[despertador] to set; [instalación, gas] to put in; [música, cinta, disco] to put on;
pon la lavadora put the washing machine on;

pon el telediario put the news on;

puse el despertador a las seis/el reloj en hora I set my alarm clock for six o'clock/my watch to the right time;

¿te han puesto ya el teléfono? are you on the phone yet?, have they connected your phone yet?;

ponlo más alto, que no se oye turn it up, I can't hear it

11. [en el cine, el teatro, la televisión] to show;

anoche pusieron un documental muy interesante last night they showed a very interesting documentary;

¿qué ponen en la tele/en el Rialto? what's on the TV/on at the Rialto?;

en el Rialto ponen una de Stallone there's a Stallone movie on at the Rialto

12. [montar] to set up;

poner la casa to set up home;

poner un negocio to start a business;

ha puesto una tienda she has opened a shop;

han puesto una cocina nueva they've had a new Br cooker o US stove put in;

hemos puesto moqueta en el salón we've had a carpet fitted in the living-room;

poner la mesa to lay the table;

pusieron la tienda (de campaña) en un prado they pitched their tent o put their tent up in a meadow

13. [decorar] to do up;

han puesto su casa con mucho lujo they've done up their house in real style

14. [suponer] to suppose;

pongamos que sucedió así (let's) suppose that's what happened;

pon que necesitemos cinco días suppose we need five days;

poniendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes according to plan;

¿cuándo estará listo? – ponle que en dos días when will it be ready? – reckon on it taking two days

15. Esp [decir] to say;

¿qué pone ahí? what does it say there?

16. [escribir] to put;

¿qué pusiste en la segunda pregunta? what did you put for the second question?

17. [huevo] to lay

18. RP [demorar] to take;

el tren pone media hora en llegar allá the train takes half an hour to get there

19. Fam [excitar]
esa actriz me pone that actress totally does it for me

♦ vi
[gallina, aves] to lay (eggs)
♦ v impersonal
Am Fam [parecer]
se me pone que… it seems to me that…

♦ See also the pronominal verb ponerse

* * *

poner

<part puesto> v/t

1 put;

poner en escena stage;

poner en marcha set in motion;

pongamos que let’s suppose o assume that

2 ropa put on

3 ( añadir) put in

4 RAD, TV turn on, switch on

5 la mesa set

6 ( escribir) put down

7 en periódico, libro etc say;

la crítica puso muy bien su última película the critics gave his last film very good reviews

8 negocio set up

9 telegrama send

10 huevos lay

11 AUTO marcha put the car in, move into

12 dinero deposit

13

:

poner a alguien furioso make s.o. angry;

ponerle a alguien con alguien TELEC put s.o. through to s.o.;

ponerle una multa a alguien fine s.o.

* * *

poner {60} vt

1) colocar: to put, to place

pon el libro en la mesa: put the book on the table

2) agregar, añadir: to put in, to add

3) : to put on (clothes)

4) contribuir: to contribute

5) escribir: to put in writing

no le puso su nombre: he didn't put his name on it

6) imponer: to set, to impose

7) exponer: to put, to expose

lo puso en peligro: she put him in danger

8) : to prepare, to arrange

poner la mesa: to set the table

9) : to name

le pusimos Ana: we called her Ana

10) establecer: to set up, to establish

puso un restaurante: he opened up a restaurant

11) instalar: to install, to put in

12) (with an adjective or adverb) : to make

siempre lo pones de mal humor: you always put him in a bad mood

13) : to turn on, to switch on

14) suponer: to suppose

pongamos que no viene: supposing he doesn't come

15) : to lay (eggs)

16)

poner a : to start (someone doing something)

lo puse a trabajar: I put him to work

17)

poner de : to place as

la pusieron de directora: they made her director

18)

poner en : to put in (a state or condition)

poner en duda: to call into question

poner vi

1) : to contribute

2) : to lay eggs

♦ See also the reflexive verb ponerse

* * *

poner vb

1. (colocar) to put [pt. & pp. put]

he puesto los libros en la estantería I've put the books on the shelf

2. (ropa, etc) to put on

ponle el abrigo al niño put the baby's coat on

3. (añadir) to put

¿le has puesto sal a las patatas? have you put any salt on the potatoes?

¿te pones azúcar? do you take sugar?

4. (escribir) to write [pt. wrote; pp. written] / to put

hay que poner la dirección en el sobre you have to write the address on the envelope

5. (programar) to set [pt. & pp. set]

he puesto el despertador a las siete I've set the alarm clock for seven

6. (encender) to put on / to turn on / to switch on

pon la tele turn the TV on

no pongas la radio muy alta don't put the radio on too loud

pon otro disco put another record on

7. (establecer) to open

han puesto una tienda de ordenadores they've opened a computer shop

8. (enviar) to send [pt. & pp. sent]

voy a poner un fax I'm going to send a fax

9. (comunicar) to put through

¿me pones con Asunción, por favor? can you put me through to Asunción, please?

10. (decir) to say [pt. & pp. said]

en el periódico pone que la película está muy bien it says in the newspaper that the film is very good

11. (proyectar) to be on

¿qué ponen en el Renoir? what's on at the Renoir?

esta noche no ponen nada interesante en la tele there's nothing interesting on TV tonight

12. (dar un nombre) to call

le han puesto Paula they've called her Paula

13. (imponer) to give [pt. gave; pp. given]

nos ponen muchos deberes they give us a lot of homework

le han puesto una multa he was fined

me han puesto un 8 I got 8 out of 10

14. (servir) to give

¿qué te pongo? what can I get you?

me puso una tapa de aceitunas he gave me some olives

¿me pone un kilo de tomates? can I have a kilo of tomatoes, please?

15. (aportar) to supply [pt. & pp. supplied] / to put in

yo pongo el pastel y tú traes el champán I'll supply the cake and you bring the champagne

pusimos mil pesetas cada uno we each put in a thousand pesetas

16. (suponer) to suppose / to say [pt. & pp. said]

pongamos por caso... suppose... / let's say...

poner cara de sorpresa to look surprised

poner huevos to lay eggs [pt. & pp. laid]

poner nervioso a alguien to get on somebody's nerves

Spanish-English dictionary > poner
10 stock

1.
[stɒk]noun

1) (origin, family, breed) Abstammung, die

be or come of farming/French stock — bäuerlicher/französischer Herkunft sein

2) (supply, store) Vorrat, der; (in shop etc.) Warenbestand, der

our stocks of food/sherry — unsere Lebensmittelvorräte Pl./unser Vorrat an Sherry (Dat.)

be in stock/out of stock — [Ware:] vorrätig/nicht vorrätig sein

have something in stock — etwas auf od. (Kaufmannsspr.) am Lager haben

keep something in stock — etwas führen

take stock — Inventur machen; (fig.) Bilanz ziehen

take stock of something — (fig.) über etwas (Akk.) Bilanz ziehen

take stock of one's situation/prospects — seine Situation/seine Zukunftsaussichten bestimmen

3) (Cookery) Brühe, die

4) (Finance) Wertpapiere Pl.; (shares) Aktien Pl.

somebody's stock is high/low — (fig.) jmds. Aktien stehen gut/schlecht (fig.)

5) (Hort.) Stamm, der; (for grafting) Unterlage, die

6) (handle) Griff, der; (of gun) Schaft, der

7) (Agric.) Vieh, das

8) (raw material) [Roh]material, das

[film] stock — Filmmaterial, das
2. transitive verb
1) (supply with stock) beliefern

stock a pond/river/lake with fish — einen Teich/Fluss/See mit Fischen besetzen

2) (Commerc.): (keep in stock) auf od. (Kaufmannsspr.) am Lager haben; führen
3. attributive adjective
1) (Commerc.) vorrätig

a stock size/model — eine Standardgröße/ein Standardmodell

2) (fig.): (trite, unoriginal) abgedroschen (ugs.)

stock character — Standardrolle, die

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/92128/stock_up">stock up

* * *
[stok] 1. noun
1) ((often in plural) a store of goods in a shop, warehouse etc: Buy while stocks last!; The tools you require are in / out of stock (= available / not available).) der Vorrat

2) (a supply of something: We bought a large stock of food for the camping trip.) der Vorrat

3) (farm animals: He would like to purchase more (live) stock.) der (Vieh-)Bestand

4) ((often in plural) money lent to the government or to a business company at a fixed interest: government stock; He has $20,000 in stocks and shares.) das Kapital, die Aktie

5) (liquid obtained by boiling meat, bones etc and used for making soup etc.) die Brühe

6) (the handle of a whip, rifle etc.) der Schaft
2. adjective
(common; usual: stock sizes of shoes.) Standard-...
3. verb
1) (to keep a supply of for sale: Does this shop stock writing-paper?) führen

2) (to supply (a shop, farm etc) with goods, animals etc: He cannot afford to stock his farm.) ausstatten

•

- stockist
- stocks
- stockbroker
- stock exchange
- stock market
- stockpile 4. verb
(to accumulate (a supply of this sort).) einen Vorrat anlegen

- stock-still
- stock-taking
- stock up
- take stock
* * *

stock¹

[stɒk, AM stɑ:k]

n

1. no pl FOOD Brühe f, Suppe f ÖSTERR, Bouillon f SCHWEIZ

beef/chicken/vegetable \stock Fleisch-/Hühner-/Gemüsebrühe m, Fleisch-/Hühner-/Gemüsesuppe f ÖSTERR, Fleisch-/Hühner-/Gemüsebouillon f SCHWEIZ

fish \stock Fischfond m

2. (garden flower) Levkoje f

Brompton \stock Brompton Levkoje f

3. (stem of tree) Stamm m; (for grafting) Wildling m, Unterlage f

dwarfing \stock Pfropfunterlage f für einen Zwergbaum

4. (handle) of a tool [Werkzeug]griff m; of a gun Gewehrkolben m, [Gewehr]schaft m

5. (neckwear) steifer Kragen; (for clergy) Halsbinde f

6. ( hist: for punishment)

▪ the \stocks pl der Stock kein pl

7. NAUT (on dry dock)

▪ \stocks pl Baudock nt

stock²

[stɒk, AM stɑ:k]

I. n

1. (reserves) Vorrat m (of an + dat)

a \stock of canned food/oil/wine/wood ein Konserven-/Öl-/Wein-/Holzvorrat m

housing \stock Bestand m an Wohnhäusern

a \stock of data/information ( fig) Daten-/Informationsmaterial nt

a \stock of knowledge ( fig) ein Wissensschatz m

2. no pl (inventory) Bestand m

there has been such a demand for this item that we've run out of \stock die Nachfrage nach diesem Artikel war so groß, dass er uns ausgegangen ist

to be in/out of \stock vorrätig/nicht vorrätig sein

to have sth in \stock etw führen

to take \stock Inventur machen

to take \stock of one's life ( fig) Bilanz aus seinem Leben ziehen

3.

▪ \stocks pl AM (shares in a company) Aktien pl; BRIT (government shares) Staatspapiere pl, Staatsanleihen pl

\stocks and bonds Aktien und Obligationen

\stock and shares Wertpapiere pl, Börsenpapiere pl, Effekten pl

long-dated/short-dated \stocks langfristige/kurzfristige Staatsanleihen

4. no pl (money invested in government) Anleiheschuld f des Staates

5. no pl (capital from shares) Grundkapital nt (einer AG)

6. no pl (livestock) Viehbestand m

7. no pl (line of descent) Abstammung f, Herkunft f; (breeding line) of animals Stammbaum

she's of noble/peasant \stock sie stammt aus einer Adels-/Bauernfamilie

8. no pl ( fig: popularity) Popularität f

the Chancellor's \stock was pretty low der Kanzler schnitt bei den Meinungsumfragen ziemlich schlecht ab

9. no pl (undealt cards) Stoß m

10.

▶ to put \stock in sth viel auf etw akk geben

▶ to not take \stock in sth etw dat keinen Glauben schenken

▶ to be on the \stocks (in construction) in Bau sein; (in preparation) in Arbeit sein

II. adj attr, inv

1. (in inventory) Lager-, Vorrats-

2. (standard) Standard-

\stock phrase Standardsatz m

\stock response Standardantwort f, stereotype Antwort

III. vt

1. (keep in supply)

▪ to \stock sth etw führen [o vorrätig haben

2. (fill up)

▪ to \stock sth etw füllen

his wine cellar is well-\stocked sein Weinkeller ist gut gefüllt

▪ to \stock sth with sth (fill with) etw mit etw dat bestücken; (equip with) library, school etw mit etw dat ausstatten

he \stocked his pond with trout er setzte Forellen in seinen Teich

to \stock a farm eine Farm mit einem Viehbestand versehen

to \stock a pond/river einen Teich/Fluss [mit Fischen] besetzen

to \stock the shelves die Regale auffüllen

3. (supply goods to)

▪ to \stock sb/sth jdn/etw beliefern

* * *
[stɒk]
1. n

1) (= supply) Vorrat m (of an +dat); (COMM) Bestand m (of an +dat)

stock of knowledge stock of information to lay in a stock of wood/candles etc — Wissensschatz m Informationsmaterial nt sich (dat) einen Holz-/Kerzenvorrat etc anlegen

to have sth in stock — etw vorrätig haben

to be in stock/out of stock — vorrätig/nicht vorrätig sein

to keep sth in stock — etw auf Vorrat haben

to get sth from stock — etw vom Lager holen

to take stock (Comm) — Inventur machen; (fig) Bilanz ziehen

to take stock of sb — jdn abschätzen

to take stock of sth (of situation, prospects) — sich (dat) klar werden über etw (acc); of one's life Bilanz aus etw ziehen

surplus stock — Überschuss m

the stock was auctioned — die Bestände wurden versteigert

2) (= livestock) Viehbestand m

some good stock — schönes Vieh

3) (COOK) Brühe f

4) (FIN: capital raised by company) Aktienkapital nt; (= shares held by investor) Anteil m; (= government stock) Staatsanleihe f

to have or hold stock in oil companies — Ölaktien haben

stocks and shares — (Aktien und) Wertpapiere pl, Effekten pl

5) (HORT of tree, plant) Stamm m; (of vine, rose) Stock m; (for grafting onto) Wildling m, Unterlage f; (for supplying grafts) das Edelreis liefernde Pflanze

6) (BOT) Levkoje f

7) (= tribe, race etc) Stamm m; (= descent) Abstammung f, Herkunft f; (LING) (Sprach)familie f, (Sprach)gruppe f

to be or come of good stock — guter Herkunft sein

to be from good farming stock — aus einer alten Bauernfamilie stammen

8) (= handle) Griff m; (of rifle) Schaft m

9)

to be on the stocks (ship) — im Bau sein; (book etc) in Arbeit sein

10) pl (HIST for punishment) Stock m

11) (= neckcloth) Halsbinde f

12) (RAIL) rollendes Material

13) (US THEAT)

to play in summer stock — bei den Sommeraufführungen mitwirken

this play is in their stock — dieses Stück gehört zu ihrem Repertoire

2. adj attr (COMM fig)
Standard-
stock size — Standardgröße f

stock response — Standardantwort f

3. vt

1) (shop etc) goods führen

2) (= provide with stock) cupboard füllen; shop, library ausstatten; pond, river (mit Fischen) besetzen; farm mit einem Viehbestand versehen

* * *

stock [stɒk; US stɑk]

A s

1. (Baum-, Pflanzen) Strunk m

2. fig Klotz m (steifer Mensch)

3. BOT Levkoje f

4. BOT Wurzelstock m

5. AGR (Pfropf-) Unterlage f

6. (Peitschen-, Werkzeug- etc) Griff m

7. MIL

a) (Gewehr) Schaft m

b) (MG-) Schulterstütze f

c) (Lafetten) Balken m

8. TECH

a) Unterlage f, Block m

b) (Amboss) Klotz m

c) Kluppe f, Schneideisenhalter m

d) (Hobel) Kasten m

9. AGR (Pflug) Stock m

10. pl HIST Stock m (Strafmittel)

11. pl SCHIFF Helling f, Stapel m:

be off the stocks

a) vom Stapel (gelaufen) sein,

b) fig fertig oder vollendet sein;

have sth on the stocks fig etwas in Arbeit haben;

be on the stocks fig im Werden sein

12. TECH (Grund-, Werk) Stoff m, (Verarbeitungs) Material n, (Füll- etc) Gut n

13. (Fleisch-, Gemüse) Brühe f (als Suppengrundlage)

14. a) besonders HIST steifer Kragen

b) besonders MIL Halsbinde f

15. (Bienen) Stock m

16. BIOL

a) Urtyp m

b) Rasse f

17. a) Rasse f, (Menschen)Schlag m

b) Familie f, Her-, Abkunft f

18. LING

a) Sprachstamm m

b) Sprachengruppe f

19. a) allg Vorrat m, Bestand m ( beide:

of an dat)

b) WIRTSCH (Waren)Lager n, Inventar n:

stock (on hand) Warenbestand;

in (out of) stock (nicht) vorrätig oder auf Lager;

take stock Inventur machen, a. fig (eine) Bestandsaufnahme machen, fig Bilanz ziehen;

take stock of fig sich klar werden über (akk), jemanden od etwas abschätzen; → last² A 5

20. WIRTSCH Ware(n) f(pl)

21. fig (Wissens- etc) Schatz m

22. a) Vieh(bestand) n(m), lebendes Inventar

b) auch dead stock totes Inventar, Material n: → fat A 1, rolling stock

23. WIRTSCH

a) Anleihekapital n

b) Wertpapiere pl (über Anleihekapital)

24. WIRTSCH

a) Grundkapital n

b) Aktienkapital n

c) Geschäftsanteil m

25. WIRTSCH

a) besonders US Aktie(n) f(pl)

b) pl Aktien pl

c) pl Effekten pl, Wertpapiere pl:

hold stocks in a company Aktionär(in) einer Gesellschaft sein;

his stock has gone up seine Aktien sind gestiegen (a. fig)

26. WIRTSCH

a) Schuldverschreibung f

b) pl Br Staatspapiere pl

27. THEAT

a) Repertoire n

b) US Repertoiretheater n

28. US → stock car

B adj

1. stets vorrätig, Lager…, Serien…:

stock model Serienmodell n;

stock size Standardgröße f

2. Lager…:

stock clerk Lagerverwalter(in), Lagerist(in)

3. fig stehend, stereotyp, pej abgedroschen (Phrasen)

4. Vieh(zucht)…, Zucht…:

stock farm Viehfarm f;

stock mare Zuchtstute f

5. WIRTSCH besonders US Aktien…

6. THEAT Repertoire…:

stock play

C v/t

1. ausstatten, versorgen, -sehen ( alle:

with mit)

2. auch stock up auf Lager legen oder haben, einen Vorrat halten von, (auf)speichern

3. WIRTSCH Ware vorrätig haben, führen:

be well stocked with gut sortiert sein in (dat)

4. AGR

a) eine Farm ( besonders mit Vieh) ausstatten

b) auch stock down Land ( besonders mit Gras) bepflanzen:

stock a stream with trout einen Bach mit Forellen besetzen

5. ein Gewehr, Werkzeug etc schäften

6. HIST jemanden in den Stock legen (als Bestrafung)

D v/i oft stock up sich eindecken (on mit)

stk abk WIRTSCH stock

* * *
1.
[stɒk]noun

1) (origin, family, breed) Abstammung, die

be or come of farming/French stock — bäuerlicher/französischer Herkunft sein

2) (supply, store) Vorrat, der; (in shop etc.) Warenbestand, der

our stocks of food/sherry — unsere Lebensmittelvorräte Pl./unser Vorrat an Sherry (Dat.)

be in stock/out of stock — [Ware:] vorrätig/nicht vorrätig sein

have something in stock — etwas auf od. (Kaufmannsspr.) am Lager haben

keep something in stock — etwas führen

take stock — Inventur machen; (fig.) Bilanz ziehen

take stock of something — (fig.) über etwas (Akk.) Bilanz ziehen

take stock of one's situation/prospects — seine Situation/seine Zukunftsaussichten bestimmen

3) (Cookery) Brühe, die

4) (Finance) Wertpapiere Pl.; (shares) Aktien Pl.

somebody's stock is high/low — (fig.) jmds. Aktien stehen gut/schlecht (fig.)

5) (Hort.) Stamm, der; (for grafting) Unterlage, die

6) (handle) Griff, der; (of gun) Schaft, der

7) (Agric.) Vieh, das

8) (raw material) [Roh]material, das

[film] stock — Filmmaterial, das
2. transitive verb
1) (supply with stock) beliefern

stock a pond/river/lake with fish — einen Teich/Fluss/See mit Fischen besetzen

2) (Commerc.): (keep in stock) auf od. (Kaufmannsspr.) am Lager haben; führen
3. attributive adjective
1) (Commerc.) vorrätig

a stock size/model — eine Standardgröße/ein Standardmodell

2) (fig.): (trite, unoriginal) abgedroschen (ugs.)

stock character — Standardrolle, die

Phrasal Verbs:

- stock up

* * *

n.

Inventar -e n.

Lager -- n.

Lagerbestand m.

Vorrat -¨e m.

English-german dictionary > stock
11 luz

f.

1 light.

apagar la luz to switch off the light

estas farolas dan poca luz these streetlights don't shine very brightly o aren't very bright

a la luz de in the light of

a plena luz del día in the full light of day

arrojar luz sobre to shed light on

a todas luces whichever way you look at it

dar a luz (un niño) to give birth (to a child)

dar luz verde to give the green light o the go-ahead

sacar a la luz to bring to light

luz natural natural light (del sol)

2 electricity.

cortar la luz to cut off the electricity supply

encender la luz to switch on the light (peninsular Spanish)

dar la luz to switch on the light (peninsular Spanish)

se ha ido la luz the lights have gone out

pagar (el recibo de) la luz to pay the electricity (bill)

3 gap.

4 luz.

5 airway.

* * *

luz

► nombre femenino (pl luces)

1 (gen) light

■ en esta sala entra mucha luz this room gets plenty of light

■ ya no queda luz para leer there's not enough light to read

2 familiar (electricidad) electricity

■ nos han cortado la luz we've had the electricity cut off

■ nos hemos quedado sin luz the power has gone off

■ da la luz turn the light on

3 (iluminación) lighting

4 ARQUITECTURA span

5 (modelo) torch

■ Dios es mi luz y mi guía God is my torch and my guide

► nombre femenino plural luces

1 familiar intelligence sing

■ es un hombre de pocas luces he's not very bright

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a la luz del día in daylight

a plena luz del día in broad daylight

a todas luces obviously, clearly

dar a luz to give birth

dar luz verde a to give the green light to

sacar a la luz to bring to light

salir a la luz to come out

ver la luz (persona) to come into the world 2 (libro etc) to come out

luces de cruce dipped headlights

luces de posición sidelights

luces cortas dipped headlights

luces de carretera full beam

luz del día daylight

luz del sol sunlight

luces largas full beam

* * *

noun f.

1) light

2) electricity

3) span

•

- dar a luz

* * *

SF

1) (=claridad) light

una casa con mucha luz — a very bright house, a house that gets a lot of light

necesito más luz para leer — I can't read in this light

• a media luz, la habitación estaba a media luz — the room was in half-darkness

estábamos allí tumbados a media luz — we were lying there in the half-darkness

poner una lámpara a media luz — to dim a light

• a primera luz — at first light

• quitar o tapar la luz a algn — to be in sb's light

aparta de ahí, que me quitas o tapas la luz — get out of the way, you're in my light

- entre dos luces

estar entre dos luces — * (=borracho) to be mellow, be tipsy

- hacer luz de gas a algn

- negar la luz del día a algn

- ver la luz al final del túnel

luz cenital — light from above

luz del día, se despierta con la luz del día — she wakes up when it gets light o liter at first light

con la luz del día lo veremos de otra manera — we'll see things differently in the cold light of day

- tan claro como la luz del día

luz de (la) luna, a la luz de la luna — by the light of the moon, by moonlight

luz de las velas, a la luz de las velas — by candlelight

luz del sol — sunlight

me molesta la luz del sol — the sunlight hurts my eyes

luz eléctrica — electric light

luz natural — natural light

luz solar — sunlight

luz ultravioleta — ultraviolet light

luz y sombra — light and shade

luz y sonido, un espectáculo de luz y sonido — a son et lumière show
brillar
2) (=lámpara, foco) light

me dejé la luz encendida — I left the light on

se ha fundido la luz de la cocina — the light has gone in the kitchen

las luces de la ciudad — the city lights

• apagar la luz — to switch o turn o put the light off

• encender o LAm prender o poner la luz — to switch o turn o put the light on

- hacer algo con luz y taquígrafos

reunirse sin luz ni taquígrafos — to meet behind closed doors

luces altas — Chile full-beam headlights (Brit), high beams (EEUU)

luces bajas Chile —

luces cortas — dipped headlights, low beams (EEUU)

poner las luces cortas o Chile bajas — to dip one's headlights, dim one's headlights (EEUU)

luces de aterrizaje — (Aer) landing lights

luces de balización — (Aer) runway lights

luces de carretera — full-beam headlights (Brit), high beams (EEUU)

poner las luces de carretera — to put one's headlights on full beam o (EEUU) high beam

luces de cruce — dipped headlights

poner las luces de cruce — to dip one's headlights, dim one's headlights (EEUU)

luces de detención — brake lights

luces de estacionamiento — parking lights

luces de frenado, luces de freno — brake lights

luces de gálibo — clearance lights

luces de navegación — navigation lights

luces de posición — sidelights

luces de tráfico — traffic lights

luces largas — = luces de carretera

luces traseras — rear lights, tail lamps

luz de Bengala — (Mil) flare, star-shell; LAm (=fuego de artificio) sparkler

luz de cortesía — courtesy light; CAm sidelight

luz de costado — sidelight

luz de giro — direction indicator

luz de lectura — reading light

luz de situación — sidelight, parking light

luz intermitente — flashing light

luz piloto — sidelight, parking light

luz relámpago — (Fot) flashlight

luz roja — red light

luz verde — green light

dar luz verde a un proyecto — to give a project the go-ahead o the green light

recibir luz verde — to get the go-ahead o the green light

luz vuelta — Méx direction indicator
traje II
3) (=suministro de electricidad) electricity

no hay luz en todo el edificio — there's no electricity in the whole building

les cortaron la luz — their electricity (supply) was cut off

se ha ido la luz — the lights have gone out

¿cuánto has pagado de luz este mes? — how much was your electricity bill this month?

4) (tb: luz pública)

- sacar a la luz

- salir a la luz

el año en que el periódico salió a la luz — the year in which the newspaper first came out

la última vez que el periódico salió a la luz — the last time the newspaper was published

ver la luz — [libro, disco] to appear, come out

5) (Med)

• dar a luz — [+ niño] to give birth

acaba de dar a luz (a) una niña — she has just given birth to a baby girl

6) Cono Sur (=ventaja)

dar luz a algn — to give sb a start

te doy diez metros de luz — I'll give you ten metres' start

7) (=aclaración) light

a la luz de lo que hemos visto — in the light of what we've seen

a la luz de un nuevo descubrimiento — in the light of a new discovery

arrojar luz sobre algo — to cast o shed o throw light on sth

estudiar algo a nueva luz — to study sth in a new light

- a todas luces

8) (Arquit) [de puerta, hueco] span; [de edificio] window, opening; [de puente] span

9) pl luces (=inteligencia) intelligence sing

corto de luces, de pocas luces — dim, stupid

10) ( Hist, Literat)

el Siglo de las Luces — the Age of Enlightenment

11) Cono Sur (=distancia) distance between two objects

luz al suelo — clearance ( under a vehicle)

12) And ** dough **, money

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( claridad) light

la luz del sol — the sunlight

la habitación tiene mucha luz — the room gets a lot of light

me da la luz en los ojos — the light's in my eyes

a plena luz del día — in broad daylight

este reflector da mucha luz — this spotlight is very bright

no leas con tan poca luz — don't read in such poor light

la habitación estaba a media luz — the room was in semi-darkness

me estás tapando la luz — you're blocking the light

luces y sombras — (Art) light and shade

dar a luz — to give birth

entre dos luces — (liter) ( al amanecer) at daybreak (liter); ( al anochecer) at twilight (liter)

sacar algo a la luz — <secreto/escándalo> to bring something to light; < publicación> to bring out

salir a la luz — secreto/escándalo to come to light; publicación to come out

tener pocas luces — (fam) to be dim-witted

ver la luz — (liter) persona to come into the world (liter); publicación to be published ( for the first time)

b) ( que permite la comprensión)

a la luz de los últimos acontecimientos — in the light of recent events

arrojar luz sobre algo — to shed light on something

a todas luces: esto es, a todas luces, una injusticia — whichever way you look at it, this is an injustice

- luz artificial/natural

2) (fam) ( electricidad) electricity

les cortaron la luz — their electricity was cut off

se fue la luz — ( en una casa) the electricity went off; ( en una zona) there was a power cut

3) ( dispositivo) light

la luz del cuarto de baño — the bathroom light

encender or (AmL) prender la luz — to turn on o switch on the light

apagar la luz — to turn off o switch off the light

cruzar con la luz roja — to cross when the lights are red

comerse una or la luz — (Ven fam) to go through a red light

dar luz verde a algo — to give something the green light

- luces de aterrizaje

- luces de estacionamiento or de situación

- luces de cruce or cortas or bajas

- luces de navegación

- luces intermitentes

- luces largas or altas

- luz de frenado

- luz de giro

- luz de neón

- luz y sonido

4) (Arquit, Ing) span

* * *

= illumination, light, power, light fitting, light fixture, lighting fixture.

Ex. Also if the illumination is uneven, comfort conditions can be impaired.

Ex. Examination reveals positions on the cards where the light passes through all the cards in a stack.

Ex. This article covers requirements of space, power, environment, security and alarm systems, and data and telecommunications.

Ex. During the war, all of the light fittings on the bridge were screened as a blackout measure.

Ex. By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with energy-saving models, you can save more than $65 each year.

Ex. Deuxville's main downtown library was beautifully decorated in rare woods and marbles, bronze lighting fixtures and stained glass.

----

* a años luz de = light years away from.

* a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.

* a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.

* a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.

* a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.

* a la luz del día = in the light of day.

* a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.

* a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.

* año luz = light year.

* apagar la luz = turn + the light off.

* apagón de luz = electrical power blackout.

* a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.

* araña de luces = chandelier.

* arrojar luz = shed + light (on/upon), shed + understanding.

* arrojar luz sobre = throw + light on, cast + light on.

* a todas luces = patently.

* bombilla de la luz = light bulb.

* con poca luz = badly-lit.

* contador de la luz = electric meter, electricity meter.

* corte de luz = power outage, power failure, outage, disruption in the flow of electricity, power cut.

* corto de luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].

* dar a luz = birth, deliver.

* dar a luz a = give + birth to.

* dar luz verde = give + green light, give + the go-ahead.

* de pocas luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].

* desvanecerse la luz = light + fail.

* emisor de luz = light-emitting.

* emitir luz = emit + light.

* encender la luz = turn + the light on.

* enchufe de la luz = light socket.

* epilepsia causada por la luz = photosensitive epilepsy.

* epilético sensible a la luz = photosensitive epileptic.

* exponer a la luz = expose to + light.

* exponer a la luz del día = expose to + daylight.

* exponer a la luz del sol = expose to + sunlight.

* fuente de luz = light source.

* hacer que se encienda una luz = activate + light.

* haz de luz = beam.

* inducido por la luz = light-induced.

* LED [diodo emisor de luz] = LED [light-emitting diode].

* llenar de luz = flood with + light, brighten up.

* luces de emergencia = blackout facilities, hazard lights.

* luz + apagarse = light + go out.

* luz artificial = artificial light.

* luz cálida = warm white light.

* luz cegadora = blinding light.

* luz de aviso = warning light.

* luz débil = glimmer.

* luz de emergencia = emergency warning light.

* luz de frenado = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.

* luz de freno = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.

* luz de la luna = moonlight.

* luz delantera = headlight, headlamp.

* luz de las estrellas = starlight.

* luz del día = daylight.

* luz del sol = sunlight, sunshine.

* luz de mesa = table light.

* luz de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.

* luz descendente = downlight.

* luz deslumbradora = glare.

* luz embutida = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.

* luz empotrada = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.

* luz guía = beacon light.

* luz natural = daylight, natural daylight, natural light.

* luz piloto = pilot light.

* luz posterior = tail light.

* luz roja = red light.

* luz tenue = glimmer.

* luz trasera = tail light.

* luz ultravioleta = UV light.

* luz verde = green light, go-ahead.

* luz y guía = lodestar.

* media luz = half-light.

* noche de luz de luna = moonlight night.

* no expuesto a la luz = unexposed.

* no tener pocas luces = as daft as a brush.

* plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.

* poste de la luz = lamppost, light pole.

* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.

* rayo de luz = light beam, light ray, ray of light.

* reflejar la luz = trap + light.

* sacar a la luz = bring to + light, dredge up.

* salir a la luz = come to + light, go + live.

* sensible a la luz = light-sensitive.

* Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.

* sin luz de luna = moonless.

* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.

* toma de luz = outlet, power point, socket, socket outlet.

* toques de luz = highlights.

* un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light.

* velocidad de la luz, la = speed of light, the.

* ver la luz = see + the light.

* ver la luz al final del túnel = see + the light at the end of the tunnel.

* ver la luz del día = see + the light of day.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( claridad) light

la luz del sol — the sunlight

la habitación tiene mucha luz — the room gets a lot of light

me da la luz en los ojos — the light's in my eyes

a plena luz del día — in broad daylight

este reflector da mucha luz — this spotlight is very bright

no leas con tan poca luz — don't read in such poor light

la habitación estaba a media luz — the room was in semi-darkness

me estás tapando la luz — you're blocking the light

luces y sombras — (Art) light and shade

dar a luz — to give birth

entre dos luces — (liter) ( al amanecer) at daybreak (liter); ( al anochecer) at twilight (liter)

sacar algo a la luz — <secreto/escándalo> to bring something to light; < publicación> to bring out

salir a la luz — secreto/escándalo to come to light; publicación to come out

tener pocas luces — (fam) to be dim-witted

ver la luz — (liter) persona to come into the world (liter); publicación to be published ( for the first time)

b) ( que permite la comprensión)

a la luz de los últimos acontecimientos — in the light of recent events

arrojar luz sobre algo — to shed light on something

a todas luces: esto es, a todas luces, una injusticia — whichever way you look at it, this is an injustice

- luz artificial/natural

2) (fam) ( electricidad) electricity

les cortaron la luz — their electricity was cut off

se fue la luz — ( en una casa) the electricity went off; ( en una zona) there was a power cut

3) ( dispositivo) light

la luz del cuarto de baño — the bathroom light

encender or (AmL) prender la luz — to turn on o switch on the light

apagar la luz — to turn off o switch off the light

cruzar con la luz roja — to cross when the lights are red

comerse una or la luz — (Ven fam) to go through a red light

dar luz verde a algo — to give something the green light

- luces de aterrizaje

- luces de estacionamiento or de situación

- luces de cruce or cortas or bajas

- luces de navegación

- luces intermitentes

- luces largas or altas

- luz de frenado

- luz de giro

- luz de neón

- luz y sonido

4) (Arquit, Ing) span

* * *

= illumination, light, power, light fitting, light fixture, lighting fixture.

Ex: Also if the illumination is uneven, comfort conditions can be impaired.

Ex: Examination reveals positions on the cards where the light passes through all the cards in a stack.

Ex: This article covers requirements of space, power, environment, security and alarm systems, and data and telecommunications.

Ex: During the war, all of the light fittings on the bridge were screened as a blackout measure.

Ex: By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with energy-saving models, you can save more than $65 each year.

Ex: Deuxville's main downtown library was beautifully decorated in rare woods and marbles, bronze lighting fixtures and stained glass.

* a años luz de = light years away from.

* a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.

* a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.

* a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.

* a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.

* a la luz del día = in the light of day.

* a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.

* a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.

* año luz = light year.

* apagar la luz = turn + the light off.

* apagón de luz = electrical power blackout.

* a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.

* araña de luces = chandelier.

* arrojar luz = shed + light (on/upon), shed + understanding.

* arrojar luz sobre = throw + light on, cast + light on.

* a todas luces = patently.

* bombilla de la luz = light bulb.

* con poca luz = badly-lit.

* contador de la luz = electric meter, electricity meter.

* corte de luz = power outage, power failure, outage, disruption in the flow of electricity, power cut.

* corto de luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].

* dar a luz = birth, deliver.

* dar a luz a = give + birth to.

* dar luz verde = give + green light, give + the go-ahead.

* de pocas luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].

* desvanecerse la luz = light + fail.

* emisor de luz = light-emitting.

* emitir luz = emit + light.

* encender la luz = turn + the light on.

* enchufe de la luz = light socket.

* epilepsia causada por la luz = photosensitive epilepsy.

* epilético sensible a la luz = photosensitive epileptic.

* exponer a la luz = expose to + light.

* exponer a la luz del día = expose to + daylight.

* exponer a la luz del sol = expose to + sunlight.

* fuente de luz = light source.

* hacer que se encienda una luz = activate + light.

* haz de luz = beam.

* inducido por la luz = light-induced.

* LED [diodo emisor de luz] = LED [light-emitting diode].

* llenar de luz = flood with + light, brighten up.

* luces de emergencia = blackout facilities, hazard lights.

* luz + apagarse = light + go out.

* luz artificial = artificial light.

* luz cálida = warm white light.

* luz cegadora = blinding light.

* luz de aviso = warning light.

* luz débil = glimmer.

* luz de emergencia = emergency warning light.

* luz de frenado = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.

* luz de freno = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.

* luz de la luna = moonlight.

* luz delantera = headlight, headlamp.

* luz de las estrellas = starlight.

* luz del día = daylight.

* luz del sol = sunlight, sunshine.

* luz de mesa = table light.

* luz de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.

* luz descendente = downlight.

* luz deslumbradora = glare.

* luz embutida = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.

* luz empotrada = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.

* luz guía = beacon light.

* luz natural = daylight, natural daylight, natural light.

* luz piloto = pilot light.

* luz posterior = tail light.

* luz roja = red light.

* luz tenue = glimmer.

* luz trasera = tail light.

* luz ultravioleta = UV light.

* luz verde = green light, go-ahead.

* luz y guía = lodestar.

* media luz = half-light.

* noche de luz de luna = moonlight night.

* no expuesto a la luz = unexposed.

* no tener pocas luces = as daft as a brush.

* plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.

* poste de la luz = lamppost, light pole.

* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.

* rayo de luz = light beam, light ray, ray of light.

* reflejar la luz = trap + light.

* sacar a la luz = bring to + light, dredge up.

* salir a la luz = come to + light, go + live.

* sensible a la luz = light-sensitive.

* Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.

* sin luz de luna = moonless.

* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.

* toma de luz = outlet, power point, socket, socket outlet.

* toques de luz = highlights.

* un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light.

* velocidad de la luz, la = speed of light, the.

* ver la luz = see + the light.

* ver la luz al final del túnel = see + the light at the end of the tunnel.

* ver la luz del día = see + the light of day.

* * *

luz

feminine

A

1 (claridad) light

la luz del sol the sunlight

a las 10 de la noche todavía hay luz it's still light at 10 o'clock at night

la habitación tiene mucha luz it's a very light room, the room gets a lot of light

me está dando la luz en los ojos the light's in my eyes

a plena luz del día in broad daylight

esta bombilla da muy poca luz this bulb isn't very bright o doesn't give off much light

no leas con tan poca luz don't read in such poor light

la habitación estaba a media luz the room was in semi-darkness/half-light

esta planta necesita mucha luz this plant needs a lot of light

me estás tapando or quitando la luz you're in my light, you're blocking the light

partieron con las primeras luces ( liter); they left at first light ( liter)

claro como la luz del día: fue él, eso está claro como la luz del día it was him, that's patently obvious, it was him, it's as plain as daylight

bueno ¿te ha quedado claro? — como la luz del día right, is that clear then? — crystal clear

dar a luz to give birth

dio a luz (a) un precioso bebé she gave birth to a beautiful baby boy

entre dos luces ( liter) (al amanecer) at daybreak ( liter), at first light ( liter), at dawn; (al anochecer) at twilight ( liter), at dusk

sacar algo a la luz ‹secreto/escándalo› to bring sth to light;

‹publicación› to bring out

salir a la luz «secreto/escándalo» to come to light;

«publicación» to come out

el diario salió a la luz en 1951 the newspaper first came out o was first published in 1951

el segundo número nunca salió a la luz the second issue never saw the light of day o was never published

ser de or tener pocas luces ( fam); to be dim-witted o ( BrE) dim

tiene pocas luces he's a bit dim-witted o dim, he's not very bright

ser una luz ( Arg); to be as bright as a button

ver la luz ( liter) «persona» to come into the world ( liter);

«publicación» to be published ( for the first time)

2

(que permite la comprensión): a la luz de los últimos acontecimientos in the light of recent events

arrojar or echar luz sobre algo to throw o cast o shed light on sth

a todas luces: esto es, a todas luces, una injusticia whichever way o however o no matter how you look at it, this is an injustice

hacérsele la luz a algn: entonces se me hizo la luz then it became clear to me

Compuestos:

● luz artificial

artificial light

● luz blanca

white light

● luz cenital

overhead light

● luz natural

natural light

● luz negra

black light

B ( fam) (electricidad) electricity

les cortaron la luz their electricity was cut off

el recibo de la luz the electricity bill

se fue la luz (en la casa) the power went off, the electricity went (off); (en toda la calle, zona) there was a power cut

C (dispositivo) light

se ha fundido la luz del cuarto de baño the bathroom light's fused o gone

encender or ( AmL) prender la luz to turn on o switch on the light

da la luzor dale a la luz ( Esp); turn on o switch on the light

apagar la luz to turn off o switch off the light

¿qué haces todavía con la luz encendida or ( AmL) prendida? what are you doing with the light still on?

las luces de la ciudad the city lights

dejó la luz de la mesita encendida he left the table lamp on

cruzó con la luz roja she crossed when the lights were red

brillar con luces propias: un discípulo suyo que ya brilla con luces propias a student of his who has now become a great scholar ( o performer etc) in his own right, a student of his who has now become famous in his own right

comerse una or la luz ( Ven fam); to go through a red light

dar luz verde a algo to give sth the green light o the go-ahead

Compuestos:

● luces altas

fpl ( Chi) luces largas

● luces bajas

fpl ( Chi) dipped headlights (pl)

● luces cortas

fpl dipped headlights (pl)

● luces de alarma

fpl warning lights (pl)

● luces de aterrizaje

fpl landing lights (pl)

● luces de ciudad

fpl parking lights (pl)

● luces de colores

fpl colored* lights (pl)

● luces de cruce

fpl dipped headlights (pl)

● luces de estacionamiento

fpl luces de ciudad

● luces de gálibo

fpl clearance lights (pl)

● luces de navegación

fpl navigation lights (pl)

● luces de parqueo

mpl ( Col); parking lights (pl)

● luces de pista

fpl runway lights

● luces de situación

fpl luces de ciudad

● luces largas

fpl:

pon las luces largas put the headlights on main o full beam

● luces y sombras

fpl

A ( Art) light and shade

B (aspectos buenos y malos) the good and the bad

luces y sombras en el balance del gobierno the good and bad aspects of the government’s performance

● luz de bengala

(para iluminar) flare, Bengal light; (para señales) flare; (juguete) sparkler

● luz de carretera

luces largas

● luz de cortesía

courtesy light

● luz de estribo

courtesy light

● luz de frenado

stoplight, brake light ( BrE)

● luz de giro

( Arg) indicator

● luz de mercurio

mercury vapor* lamp

● luz de neón

neon light

● luz de sodio

sodium vapor* lamp

● luz larga

luces largas

● luz piloto

pilot light

● luz y sonido

son et lumière

D ( Taur):

siempre había soñado con vestirse de luces he had always dreamed of becoming a bullfighter

traje de luces (↑ traje (1))

E ( Arquit, Ing) span

* * *

luz sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) light;
◊ la luz del sol the sunlight;

me da la luz en los ojos the light's in my eyes;
a plena luz del día in broad daylight;
este reflector da mucha luz this spotlight is very bright;
leer con poca luz to read in poor light;
a la luz de los últimos acontecimientos in the light of recent events;
a todas luces: whichever way you look at it;
dar a luz to give birth;
sacar algo a la luz ‹secreto/escándalo› to bring sth to light;

‹ publicación› to bring out;
◊ salir a la luz [secreto/escándalo] to come to light;

[ publicación] to come out
2
a) (fam) ( electricidad) electricity;

◊ les cortaron la luz their electricity was cut off;

se fue la luz ( en una casa) the electricity went off;

( en una zona) there was a power cut
b) ( dispositivo) light;

encender or (AmL) prender or (Esp) dar la luz to turn on o switch on the light;
◊ apagar la luz to turn off o switch off the light;

cruzar con la luz roja to cross when the lights are red;
luces de estacionamiento or (Esp) de situación parking lights (pl) (AmE), sidelights (pl) (BrE);
luces de cruce or cortas or (AmL) bajas dipped headlights (pl);
poner las luces largas or altas to put the headlights on high (AmE) o (BrE) full beam;
luz de frenado stoplight, brake light (BrE);
luz de giro (Arg) indicator
luz sustantivo femenino
1 light
luz natural, sunlight
2 (foco) light: apaga las luces, por favor, put out the lights, please
3 (electricidad) me cortaron la luz, my electricity has been cut off
4 Auto light
luz larga, headlights pl; luces de cruce, dipped headlights
luces de posición, sidelights 5 luces, (entendimiento) intelligence sing; tener pocas luces, to be dim-witted 6 traje de luces, bullfighter's costume
♦ Locuciones: figurado dar a luz, (parir) to give birth to
figurado dar luz verde a, to give the green light to
a la luz de, in the light of
a todas luces, obviously
' luz' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amortiguar
- ancha
- ancho
- año
- apagar
- apagada
- apagado
- aviso
- brillar
- brillo
- buena
- bueno
- cañón
- cegador
- cegadora
- cobrador
- cobradora
- contador
- corta
- cortar
- corto
- dar
- débil
- desconectar
- deslumbrar
- día
- divisar
- domiciliar
- encenderse
- enchufar
- enfocar
- escasa
- escaso
- gasto
- haz
- interruptor
- irradiar
- linterna
- oscilar
- oscuras
- oscuridad
- piloto
- precisa
- preciso
- proyectar
- proyector
- ráfaga
- rayo
- reflector
- reflectora
English:
beam
- birth
- blaze
- blind
- blink
- board
- bright
- brilliance
- brownout
- burn
- candlelight
- cast
- catch
- chink
- come through
- cut out
- dark
- day
- daylight
- deflect
- die
- diffuse
- dim
- disconnect
- dull
- electricity bill
- emit
- exposure
- fade
- flash
- flicker
- fluorescent light
- fuel
- give off
- glare
- glaring
- glimmer
- glow
- glowing
- go off
- go on
- go out
- go-ahead
- infrared
- lay on
- leave on
- light
- light year
- moonlight
- nod

* * *

luz nf

1. [foco, energía, luminosidad] light;
[destello] flash (of light);
se veía una luz a lo lejos a light could be seen in the distance;

estas farolas dan poca luz these streetlights don't shine very brightly o aren't very bright;

esta habitación tiene mucha luz you get a lot of sunlight in this room;

ya no hay luz a esas horas it's no longer light at that time of day, the light has gone by that time of day;

apagar la luz to switch off the light;

encender o Esp [m5] dar o Am [m5] prender la luz to switch on the light;

la habitación estaba a media luz [con luz natural] it was almost dark in the room;
[con luz artificial] the room was dimly lit;
ponlo a la luz, que lo veamos mejor hold it up to the light so we can see it better;

con las primeras luces [al amanecer] at first light;

quitarle la luz a alguien [ponerse en medio] to block sb's light;

leer a la luz de una vela to read by the light of a candle;

una cena a la luz de las velas a candlelit dinner;
Fig
a la luz de [los hechos, los acontecimientos] in the light of;

a plena luz del día in the full light of day;

arrojar luz sobre to shed light on;

a todas luces whichever way you look at it;

dar a luz (un niño) to give birth (to a child);

Comp

con luz y taquígrafos with absolute transparency;

Comp

dar luz verde (a) to give the green light o the go-ahead (to);

Comp

entre dos luces Literario [entre el día y la noche] at twilight;
Literario [entre la noche y el día] at first light; Fam Fig [achispado] tipsy;
Comp

sacar algo a la luz [revelar] to bring sth to light;
[publicar] to bring sth out, to publish sth;
Comp

salir a la luz [descubrirse] to come to light;
[publicarse] to come out;
Comp
RP Fam
ser una luz to be a bright spark;

Comp

ver la luz [publicación, informe] to see the light of day;
[tras penalidades] to see the light at the end of the tunnel
Comp
luz blanca white light;
luz cenital light from above;

luz del día daylight;

luz de discoteca strobe light;

luz eléctrica electric light;

luz de luna moonlight;
RP luz mala will-o'-the-wisp;
luz natural [del sol] natural light;

luz de neón neon light;

luz del sol sunlight;

luz solar sunlight

2. [electricidad] electricity;

cortar la luz a alguien to cut off sb's electricity supply;

se ha ido la luz the lights have gone out;

pagar (el recibo de) la luz to pay the electricity (bill)

3.
luces [de automóvil] lights;

darle las luces a alguien to flash (one's lights) at sb;

dejarse las luces del coche puestas to leave one's lights on

Comp
Am luces altas:
poner las luces altas to put one's headlights on Br full o US high beam;
Am luces bajas Br dipped headlights, US low beams;
luces de carretera: [m5] poner las luces de carretera to put one's headlights on Br full o US high beam;

luces cortas Br dipped headlights, US low beams;

luces de cruce Br dipped headlights, US low beams;

luces de emergencia Br hazard (warning) lights, US emergency lights;

luces de frenado brake lights;

luces de freno brake lights;

luces de gálibo clearance lights;
Arg luz de giro Br indicator, US turn signal;
luces largas: [m5] poner las luces largas to put one's headlights on Br full o US high beam;

luz de marcha atrás reversing light;

luces de navegación navigation lights;

luces de niebla fog lamps o lights;

luces de posición sidelights;

luces de señalización traffic lights;

luces de situación sidelights;

luces de tráfico traffic lights;

luces traseras Br rear lights, US tail-lights

4.
luces [inteligencia] intelligence;

es de o [m5] tiene pocas luces he's not very bright

5. Hist
las Luces the Enlightenment

6. [modelo, ejemplo]
Alá es la luz que dirige nuestras vidas Allah is our guiding light

7. Arquit [ventana] window;
[ancho de ventana] span
* * *

luz

f light;

a la luz del día in daylight;

dar la luz turn on the light;

arrojar luz sobre algo fig shed light on s.th.;

ver la luz de publicación be published, see the light of day;

dar a luz give birth to;

sacar a la luz fig bring to light;

salir a la luz fig come to light;

a todas luces evidently, clearly;

de pocas luces fig fam dim fam, not very bright

* * *

luz nf, pl luces

1) : light

2) : lighting

3) fam : electricity

4) : window, opening

5) : light, lamp

6) : span, spread (between supports)

7)

a la luz de : in light of

8)

dar a luz : to give birth

9)

traje de luces : matador's costume

* * *

luz n

1. (en general) light

esta sala tiene mucha luz this room gets a lot of light

enciende la luz turn the light on

2. (electricidad) electricity

el recibo de la luz the electricity bill

a la luz del día in daylight

dar a luz to give birth [pt. gave; pp. given]

luces de posición sidelights

luz de luna moonlight

luz del sol sunlight

Spanish-English dictionary > luz
12 agua

f.

1 water.

agua del grifo tap water

agua con hielo iced water

agua de lavanda lavender water

aguas menores urine

agua mineral (sin gas/con gas) (still/sparkling) mineral water

agua oxigenada hydrogen peroxide

agua potable drinking water

aguas residuales sewage

agua salada salt water

aguas termales thermal spring waters

aguas territoriales territorial waters

agua de colonia eau de cologne

agua corriente running water

agua destilada distilled water

agua dulce fresh water

agua embotellada bottled water

2 slope.

un tejado de dos aguas a ridged roof

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: aguar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: aguar.

* * *

agua

(Takes el in singular)

► nombre femenino

1 water

■ echarse al agua to dive in

2 (lluvia) rain

3 ARQUITECTURA slope of a roof

■ tejado a dos aguas pitched roof

► nombre femenino plural aguas

1 (del mar, río) waters

■ aguas arriba upstream

2 (de brillante) water sing, sparkle sing

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

claro como el agua crystal clear

como agua de mayo a godsend

como dos gotas de agua like two peas in a pod

estar con el agua al cuello figurado to be up to one's neck in it

estar entre dos aguas to sit on the fence

hacérsele la boca agua a uno figurado to make one's mouth water

hacerse una cosa agua en la boca to melt in one's mouth

nunca digas de esta agua no beberé never say never

romper aguas to break waters

agua bendita holy water

agua corriente running water

agua de colonia (eau de) cologne

agua de lluvia rainwater

agua de mar seawater

agua del grifo tap water

agua dulce fresh water

agua mineral con gas sparkling mineral water

agua mineral sin gas still mineral water

agua oxigenada hydrogen peroxide

agua potable drinking water

agua salada salt water

aguas jurisdiccionales territorial waters

aguas menores familiar pee sing

aguas residuales sewage sing

aguas termales thermal springs

* * *

noun f.

water

- agua corriente
- agua dulce
- agua mineral
- agua oxigenada
- aguas residuales
* * *

SF

1) [para beber, lavar] water

lavar en agua fría — wash in cold water

dame agua — give me a drink of water

un motor refrigerado por agua — a water-cooled engine

dos aguas con gas y una sin gas, por favor — two sparkling mineral waters and one still one, please

ha sido un invierno de mucha agua — it's been a very wet winter, we've had a lot of rain this winter

¡hombre al agua! — man overboard!

• lanzar un barco al agua — to launch a boat

• caer agua — to rain

hace falta que caiga mucha agua — we need a lot of rain

cayó agua a mares — it poured down

• echarse al agua — (lit) to dive in; (fig) to take the plunge

• ¡agua va! — look out!, careful!

sin decir agua va — without (any) warning

- bailar el agua a algn

- bañarse en agua de rosas

hacérsele la boca agua a algn Esp, hacérsele agua la boca a algn LAm —

se me hace la boca agua solo de pensar en la sopa — just thinking about the soup makes my mouth water, my mouth is watering just thinking about the soup

se le hace la boca agua de pensar en los beneficios — he's drooling at the thought of the profit he'll make

- quedar en agua de borrajas

- cambiar el agua al canario o a las aceitunas

- coger agua en cesto

- como agua para chocolate

- estar con el agua al cuello

- ¿me da para mis aguas?

- echar a algn al agua

- gastar el dinero como agua

como agua de mayo Esp —

esperan la privatización como agua de mayo — they are eagerly awaiting privatization

la noticia fue recibida como agua de mayo en los mercados financieros — the news was welcomed with open arms on the financial markets

este dinero nos viene como agua de mayo — this money is a godsend, this money couldn't have come at a better time

- llevar el agua a su molino

- mear agua bendita

- es agua pasada

- pescar en agua turbia

- sacar agua de las piedras

- de primera agua

- ser como el agua por San Juan

- agua que no has de beber déjala correr

- nunca digas de esta agua no beberé

- de las aguas mansas me libre Dios

- agua pasada no mueve molino

- lo que por agua viene, por agua se va

agua bendita — holy water

agua blanda — soft water

agua corriente — running water

agua (de) cuba — Chile bleach

agua de cebada — barley water

agua de colonia — eau de cologne

agua de espliego — lavender water

agua de fregar — dishwater

agua de fuego — firewater

agua de fusión de la nieve — meltwater

agua de lavanda — lavender water

agua del grifo — tap water

agua de lluvia — rainwater

agua de mar — sea water

agua de rosas — rosewater

agua de seltz — seltzer, soda (water), seltzer water (EEUU)

agua destilada — distilled water

agua dulce — fresh water

un pez de agua dulce — a freshwater fish

agua dura — hard water

agua fuerte — nitric acid solution

agua Jane — ® Uru bleach

agua mineral — mineral water

agua mineral con gas — sparkling mineral water

agua mineral sin gas — still mineral water

agua nieve — sleet

cayó agua nieve — it was sleeting

agua oxigenada — hydrogen peroxide

agua (de) panela — Col, Ven hot lemon

agua perra — Chile boiled water ( drunk for its cleansing properties)

agua pesada — heavy water

agua potable — drinking water

agua salada — salt water

un pez de agua salada — a saltwater fish

agua tónica — tonic water
claro, grabado, vía
2) CAm, And (=gaseosa) fizzy drink, soda (EEUU); (=infusión) herbal tea

agua de manzanilla — camomile tea

3) CAm (=zumo) juice

agua de pera — pear juice

4) pl aguas [de mar, río] waters; [de la marea] tide sing

las frías aguas del Atlántico — the cold waters of the Atlantic

Dios creó las aguas — God created the seas and the oceans

• aguas abajo — downstream, downriver

• aguas arriba — upstream, upriver

• hacer aguas — [barco] to take in water; [explicación, teoría] to be full of holes, not to hold water; [relación, organización, proyecto] to founder

nuestro mercado interno hacía agua — our domestic market was foundering o in trouble

• romper aguas, rompió aguas camino del hospital — her waters broke on the way to the hospital

• tomar las aguas — to take the waters

- estar o nadar entre dos aguas

volver las aguas a su cauce —

las aguas están volviendo a su cauce — things are returning to normal

aguas amnióticas — amniotic fluid sing

aguas de consumo — drinking water sing

aguas de escorrentía — run-off water sing

aguas de pantoque — bilge water sing

aguas fecales — sewage sing

aguas internacionales — international waters

aguas jurisdiccionales — territorial waters

aguas litorales — coastal waters

aguas llenas — high tide sing

aguas mayores — euf faeces sing frm, feces sing (EEUU) frm

hacer aguas mayores — to have a bowel movement

aguas menores — euf urine sing

hacer aguas menores — to pass water

aguas muertas — neap tide sing

aguas negras, aguas residuales, aguas servidas — Cono Sur sewage sing

aguas subterráneas — groundwater sing

aguas superficiales — surface water sing

aguas termales — thermal springs

aguas territoriales — territorial waters

5) pl aguas (=ondulación)

a) [de piedra preciosa] veins

la malaquita tenía unas aguas blancas — the malachite had white veins in it

un papel azul haciendo aguas — a blue paper with a marbled design

b) [de tejado] pitch, slope

cubrir aguas — to put the roof on, top out

tejado a dos aguas — gabled roof

tejado a cuatro aguas — hipped roof

6) pl aguas (=destello) sparkle sing

el diamante tenía unas aguas preciosas — the diamond sparkled beautifully, the diamond had a wonderful sparkle

* * *

femenino‡

1) water

agua de lluvia/mar — rainwater/seawater

bailarle el agua a alguien — ( adularlo) (Esp fam) to suck up to somebody (colloq)

cambiarle el agua a las aceitunas or al canario — (fam & hum) to take o have a leak (colloq & hum)

como agua para chocolate — (Méx fam) furious

estar con el agua al cuello — to be up to one's neck

estar más claro que el agua — to be (patently) obvious

hacer agua — embarcación to take in water; negocio/institución to founder

hacérsele agua la boca a alguien — (AmL)

se me hizo agua la boca — it made my mouth water

ha corrido or pasado mucha agua bajo el puente — a lot of water has flowed under the bridge since then

llevar el agua a su molino — to turn things to one's advantage

lo que por agua viene, por agua se va — (Col) easy come, easy go

más claro, échale or echarle agua — it's obvious

quedar en agua de borrajas — to come to nothing

ser agua pasada — to be a thing of the past

sin decir agua va — without so much as a by-your-leave

venirle a alguien como agua de mayo — (Esp) to come just at the right moment

agua pasada no mueve molino — it's no use crying over spilt milk

agua que no has de beber déjala correr — if you're not interested, don't spoil things for me/for other people

nunca digas de esta agua no beberé — you never know when the same thing might happen to you

- agua bendita

- agua corriente/destilada

- agua de colonia

- agua de rosas

- agua dulce

- agua mineral

- agua oxigenada

- agua potable/salada

- aguas negras

- agua tónica or quina

2) ( lluvia) rain

- agua nieve

3) (AmC, Andes)

a) (fam) ( bebida gaseosa) soda (AmE), fizzy drink (BrE)

b) ( infusión) herb tea (AmE), herbal tea (BrE)

agua de menta — mint tea

4) aguas femenino plural

a) (de mar, río) waters (pl)

estar or nadar entre dos aguas — to sit on the fence

los votantes que están entre dos aguas — the undecided voters

volver las aguas a su cauce: una vez que las aguas vuelvan a su cauce — once things settle down o return to normal

b) (de balneario, manantial) waters (pl)

tomar las aguas — to take the waters

- aguas jurisdiccionales/territoriales

- aguas termales

5) aguas femenino plural (Fisiol) tb

aguas amnióticas — amniotic fluid

rompió aguas — her waters broke

- aguas mayores

- aguas menores

6) aguas femenino plural ( vertientes) slope

tejado a dos aguas — gable o apex o saddle roof

* * *

= water.

Ex. We are thus concerned with a virtually limitless number of concepts - building, book, reading, colour, sea, water, summer, England, 1066 AD - any concepts you like.

----

* abastecimiento de agua = water supply.

* absorción del agua = water absorption.

* achicar agua = bale out + water, bail + water.

* a cuatro aguas = hipped.

* aerobics en el agua = water aerobics.

* agua + arrastrar = wash away.

* agua bendita = holy water.

* agua caliente = hot water.

* agua con gas = carbonated water.

* agua con jabón = soapy water.

* agua corriente = running water.

* agua de colonia = eau de cologne.

* agua del grifo = tap water.

* agua de lluvia = rain water.

* agua del mar = sea-water [seawater].

* agua de manantial = spring water.

* agua de mojado = fountain solution.

* agua de riego = irrigation water.

* agua destilada = distilled water.

* agua dulce = freshwater [fresh water].

* agua embotellada = bottled water.

* agua en botella = bottled water.

* agua estancada = stagnant backwater, backwater, stagnant water.

* agua fría = cold water.

* agua helada = ice water.

* agua hirviendo = boiling water.

* agua jabonosa = soapy water.

* agua limpia de impurezas = purified water.

* agua + llevar = wash away.

* agua marina = sea-water [seawater].

* agua mineral = mineral water, spring water.

* agua normal = still water.

* agua oxigenada = hydrogen peroxide.

* agua poco profunda = shallow water.

* agua potable = drinking water.

* agua purificada = purified water.

* aguas abajo = downstream.

* agua salada = salt water [saltwater].

* agua salobre = salt water [saltwater].

* aguas arriba = upstream.

* aguas bravas = whitewater, turbulent waters.

* aguas costeras = coastal waters.

* agua sin gas = still water.

* aguas internacionales = international waters.

* aguas jurisdiccionales = territorial waters, jurisdictional waters.

* aguas litorales = coastal waters.

* aguas mansas = still waters.

* aguas negras = waste water [wastewater], sewage, sewerage.

* aguas poco profundas = shallows.

* aguas polares = polar waters.

* aguas rápidas = whitewater, turbulent waters.

* aguas residuales = sewage, waste water [wastewater], liquid waste, sewerage.

* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.

* aguas revueltas = rip, rip tide.

* aguas sucias = foul water.

* aguas templadas = temperate waters.

* aguas termales = thermal springs.

* aguas territoriales = territorial waters, territorial waters, home waters.

* aguas tranquilas = still waters.

* aguas turbias = muddy waters.

* aguas turbulentas = rip tide, turbulent waters.

* agua subterránea = groundwater.

* aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.

* ahogarse en un vaso de agua = make + a mountain out of a molehill, get + worked up about nothing, fret about + nothing.

* al agua = water-based, overboard.

* bajo agua = undersea, underwater.

* baños de agua caliente = hot springs.

* barril con agua de beber = scuttlebutt.

* bomba de agua = water pump.

* bomba de agua caliente = heat-pump.

* brazo de agua = inlet.

* calentador de agua = water heater.

* cama de agua = waterbed [water bed].

* cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.

* cañón de agua = water cannon.

* caudal de agua = volume of water.

* caudal de agua o superficie acuática = body of water.

* causado por el agua = water-related.

* cloración del agua = water chlorination.

* cocodrilo de agua salada = saltie.

* colchón de agua = waterbed [water bed].

* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.

* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.

* compañía suministradora de agua = water authority, water board, water company.

* con el agua al cuello = in hot water.

* con el agua hasta el cuello = in deep water.

* conservar agua = conserve + water.

* contador del agua = water meter.

* contaminación del agua = water pollution.

* contaminación de las aguas subterráneas = groundwater pollution, groundwater contamination.

* con tejado a dos aguas = gabled.

* corriente de agua = water body [waterbody].

* cortar el agua = cut off + the water.

* cuando el río, suena agua lleva = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.

* curso de agua = water body [waterbody].

* daño causado por el agua = water damage.

* dar agua = lose + water, leak.

* de agua = water-based.

* de aguas profundas = deep-sea.

* dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.

* depósito de agua elevado = water tower.

* descenso de aguas bravas = rafting.

* deslizarse sobre el agua = aquaplane.

* detector de agua = water detector.

* diluir con agua = dilute with + water.

* empleado de la compañía suministradora de agua = water board engineer.

* escape de agua = water leakage, water leak.

* escasez de agua = water shortage.

* factura de electricidad, agua o gas = utility bill.

* falta de agua = water shortage.

* falto de agua = waterless.

* flor que echa un chorro de agua = squirting flower.

* fuente de agua = drinking fountain, water fountain, bubbler.

* fuga de agua = water leakage, water leak.

* gato escaldado del agua fría huye = once bitten, twice shy.

* gestión de aguas = water management.

* hacer agua = Negativo + hold + water.

* hacer agua(s) = spring + a leak.

* hacerse la boca agua = make + Posesivo + mouth water.

* hervidora eléctrica de agua = electric kettle.

* hervidor de agua = kettle.

* hervir agua = boil + water.

* hilo de agua = trickle.

* impulsado por el agua = water-powered.

* jarro de agua fría = slap in the face.

* lavar con agua = rinse off.

* lavar con agua abudante = sluice.

* limpiar con agua = wash away.

* línea de agua, la = water line, the.

* llave de paso del agua = water valve.

* llevarse el gato al agua = steal + the show, steal + the limelight, the nod + go to.

* manta de agua = downpour, rainstorm, pelting rain, soaking rain.

* marca de agua = watermark.

* marcas de agua = watermarking.

* marcas de agua digitales = digital watermarking.

* más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.

* más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.

* molino de agua = water mill.

* nadar entre dos aguas = sit on + the fence, fall between + two stools.

* nivel del agua = water level.

* nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.

* nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.

* orilla del agua = water's edge.

* pecina de las aguas residuales = sewage sludge.

* perder agua = lose + water, leak.

* pez de agua dulce = freshwater fish.

* pila del agua bendita = holy water font.

* pintura al agua = gouache, water-based paint.

* planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.

* que da agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* que el agua disuelve = water-fugitive.

* que hace la boca agua = mouth-watering.

* que no absorbe el agua o la humedad = non-hygroscopic.

* que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* red de agua potable = water mains.

* red de agua potable, la = mains, the.

* red de suministro de agua potable, la = water mains, mains, the.

* reservas de agua subterránea = groundwater reservoir.

* resistente al agua = water resistant.

* restricciones de agua = water restrictions.

* ron con agua = grog.

* salto de agua = waterfall, fall.

* seda formando aguas = watered silk.

* sentirse como pez en el agua = take to + Nombre + like ducks to water.

* ser una raya en el agua = be good for nothing.

* sin agua = waterless.

* sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.

* sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.

* sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.

* sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.

* tan claro como el agua = as clear as a bell.

* tejado a cuatro aguas = hip roof, hipped roof.

* tetera para hervir agua = kettle.

* tortuga de agua dulce = terrapin.

* transmitido por el agua = waterborne.

* transportado por el agua = waterborne.

* tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage treatment, sewage disposal, waste water treatment.

* tratamiento del agua = water treatment.

* tromba de agua = pelting rain, downpour, waterspout, soaking rain.

* una tormenta en un vaso de agua = a tempest in a teapot.

* vapor de agua = water vapour.

* volumen de agua = volume of water.

* * *

femenino‡

1) water

agua de lluvia/mar — rainwater/seawater

bailarle el agua a alguien — ( adularlo) (Esp fam) to suck up to somebody (colloq)

cambiarle el agua a las aceitunas or al canario — (fam & hum) to take o have a leak (colloq & hum)

como agua para chocolate — (Méx fam) furious

estar con el agua al cuello — to be up to one's neck

estar más claro que el agua — to be (patently) obvious

hacer agua — embarcación to take in water; negocio/institución to founder

hacérsele agua la boca a alguien — (AmL)

se me hizo agua la boca — it made my mouth water

ha corrido or pasado mucha agua bajo el puente — a lot of water has flowed under the bridge since then

llevar el agua a su molino — to turn things to one's advantage

lo que por agua viene, por agua se va — (Col) easy come, easy go

más claro, échale or echarle agua — it's obvious

quedar en agua de borrajas — to come to nothing

ser agua pasada — to be a thing of the past

sin decir agua va — without so much as a by-your-leave

venirle a alguien como agua de mayo — (Esp) to come just at the right moment

agua pasada no mueve molino — it's no use crying over spilt milk

agua que no has de beber déjala correr — if you're not interested, don't spoil things for me/for other people

nunca digas de esta agua no beberé — you never know when the same thing might happen to you

- agua bendita

- agua corriente/destilada

- agua de colonia

- agua de rosas

- agua dulce

- agua mineral

- agua oxigenada

- agua potable/salada

- aguas negras

- agua tónica or quina

2) ( lluvia) rain

- agua nieve

3) (AmC, Andes)

a) (fam) ( bebida gaseosa) soda (AmE), fizzy drink (BrE)

b) ( infusión) herb tea (AmE), herbal tea (BrE)

agua de menta — mint tea

4) aguas femenino plural

a) (de mar, río) waters (pl)

estar or nadar entre dos aguas — to sit on the fence

los votantes que están entre dos aguas — the undecided voters

volver las aguas a su cauce: una vez que las aguas vuelvan a su cauce — once things settle down o return to normal

b) (de balneario, manantial) waters (pl)

tomar las aguas — to take the waters

- aguas jurisdiccionales/territoriales

- aguas termales

5) aguas femenino plural (Fisiol) tb

aguas amnióticas — amniotic fluid

rompió aguas — her waters broke

- aguas mayores

- aguas menores

6) aguas femenino plural ( vertientes) slope

tejado a dos aguas — gable o apex o saddle roof

* * *

= water.

Ex: We are thus concerned with a virtually limitless number of concepts - building, book, reading, colour, sea, water, summer, England, 1066 AD - any concepts you like.

* abastecimiento de agua = water supply.

* absorción del agua = water absorption.

* achicar agua = bale out + water, bail + water.

* a cuatro aguas = hipped.

* aerobics en el agua = water aerobics.

* agua + arrastrar = wash away.

* agua bendita = holy water.

* agua caliente = hot water.

* agua con gas = carbonated water.

* agua con jabón = soapy water.

* agua corriente = running water.

* agua de colonia = eau de cologne.

* agua del grifo = tap water.

* agua de lluvia = rain water.

* agua del mar = sea-water [seawater].

* agua de manantial = spring water.

* agua de mojado = fountain solution.

* agua de riego = irrigation water.

* agua destilada = distilled water.

* agua dulce = freshwater [fresh water].

* agua embotellada = bottled water.

* agua en botella = bottled water.

* agua estancada = stagnant backwater, backwater, stagnant water.

* agua fría = cold water.

* agua helada = ice water.

* agua hirviendo = boiling water.

* agua jabonosa = soapy water.

* agua limpia de impurezas = purified water.

* agua + llevar = wash away.

* agua marina = sea-water [seawater].

* agua mineral = mineral water, spring water.

* agua normal = still water.

* agua oxigenada = hydrogen peroxide.

* agua poco profunda = shallow water.

* agua potable = drinking water.

* agua purificada = purified water.

* aguas abajo = downstream.

* agua salada = salt water [saltwater].

* agua salobre = salt water [saltwater].

* aguas arriba = upstream.

* aguas bravas = whitewater, turbulent waters.

* aguas costeras = coastal waters.

* agua sin gas = still water.

* aguas internacionales = international waters.

* aguas jurisdiccionales = territorial waters, jurisdictional waters.

* aguas litorales = coastal waters.

* aguas mansas = still waters.

* aguas negras = waste water [wastewater], sewage, sewerage.

* aguas poco profundas = shallows.

* aguas polares = polar waters.

* aguas rápidas = whitewater, turbulent waters.

* aguas residuales = sewage, waste water [wastewater], liquid waste, sewerage.

* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.

* aguas revueltas = rip, rip tide.

* aguas sucias = foul water.

* aguas templadas = temperate waters.

* aguas termales = thermal springs.

* aguas territoriales = territorial waters, territorial waters, home waters.

* aguas tranquilas = still waters.

* aguas turbias = muddy waters.

* aguas turbulentas = rip tide, turbulent waters.

* agua subterránea = groundwater.

* aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.

* ahogarse en un vaso de agua = make + a mountain out of a molehill, get + worked up about nothing, fret about + nothing.

* al agua = water-based, overboard.

* bajo agua = undersea, underwater.

* baños de agua caliente = hot springs.

* barril con agua de beber = scuttlebutt.

* bomba de agua = water pump.

* bomba de agua caliente = heat-pump.

* brazo de agua = inlet.

* calentador de agua = water heater.

* cama de agua = waterbed [water bed].

* cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.

* cañón de agua = water cannon.

* caudal de agua = volume of water.

* caudal de agua o superficie acuática = body of water.

* causado por el agua = water-related.

* cloración del agua = water chlorination.

* cocodrilo de agua salada = saltie.

* colchón de agua = waterbed [water bed].

* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.

* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.

* compañía suministradora de agua = water authority, water board, water company.

* con el agua al cuello = in hot water.

* con el agua hasta el cuello = in deep water.

* conservar agua = conserve + water.

* contador del agua = water meter.

* contaminación del agua = water pollution.

* contaminación de las aguas subterráneas = groundwater pollution, groundwater contamination.

* con tejado a dos aguas = gabled.

* corriente de agua = water body [waterbody].

* cortar el agua = cut off + the water.

* cuando el río, suena agua lleva = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.

* curso de agua = water body [waterbody].

* daño causado por el agua = water damage.

* dar agua = lose + water, leak.

* de agua = water-based.

* de aguas profundas = deep-sea.

* dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.

* depósito de agua elevado = water tower.

* descenso de aguas bravas = rafting.

* deslizarse sobre el agua = aquaplane.

* detector de agua = water detector.

* diluir con agua = dilute with + water.

* empleado de la compañía suministradora de agua = water board engineer.

* escape de agua = water leakage, water leak.

* escasez de agua = water shortage.

* factura de electricidad, agua o gas = utility bill.

* falta de agua = water shortage.

* falto de agua = waterless.

* flor que echa un chorro de agua = squirting flower.

* fuente de agua = drinking fountain, water fountain, bubbler.

* fuga de agua = water leakage, water leak.

* gato escaldado del agua fría huye = once bitten, twice shy.

* gestión de aguas = water management.

* hacer agua = Negativo + hold + water.

* hacer agua(s) = spring + a leak.

* hacerse la boca agua = make + Posesivo + mouth water.

* hervidora eléctrica de agua = electric kettle.

* hervidor de agua = kettle.

* hervir agua = boil + water.

* hilo de agua = trickle.

* impulsado por el agua = water-powered.

* jarro de agua fría = slap in the face.

* lavar con agua = rinse off.

* lavar con agua abudante = sluice.

* limpiar con agua = wash away.

* línea de agua, la = water line, the.

* llave de paso del agua = water valve.

* llevarse el gato al agua = steal + the show, steal + the limelight, the nod + go to.

* manta de agua = downpour, rainstorm, pelting rain, soaking rain.

* marca de agua = watermark.

* marcas de agua = watermarking.

* marcas de agua digitales = digital watermarking.

* más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.

* más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.

* molino de agua = water mill.

* nadar entre dos aguas = sit on + the fence, fall between + two stools.

* nivel del agua = water level.

* nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.

* nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.

* orilla del agua = water's edge.

* pecina de las aguas residuales = sewage sludge.

* perder agua = lose + water, leak.

* pez de agua dulce = freshwater fish.

* pila del agua bendita = holy water font.

* pintura al agua = gouache, water-based paint.

* planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.

* que da agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* que el agua disuelve = water-fugitive.

* que hace la boca agua = mouth-watering.

* que no absorbe el agua o la humedad = non-hygroscopic.

* que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].

* red de agua potable = water mains.

* red de agua potable, la = mains, the.

* red de suministro de agua potable, la = water mains, mains, the.

* reservas de agua subterránea = groundwater reservoir.

* resistente al agua = water resistant.

* restricciones de agua = water restrictions.

* ron con agua = grog.

* salto de agua = waterfall, fall.

* seda formando aguas = watered silk.

* sentirse como pez en el agua = take to + Nombre + like ducks to water.

* ser una raya en el agua = be good for nothing.

* sin agua = waterless.

* sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.

* sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.

* sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.

* sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.

* tan claro como el agua = as clear as a bell.

* tejado a cuatro aguas = hip roof, hipped roof.

* tetera para hervir agua = kettle.

* tortuga de agua dulce = terrapin.

* transmitido por el agua = waterborne.

* transportado por el agua = waterborne.

* tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage treatment, sewage disposal, waste water treatment.

* tratamiento del agua = water treatment.

* tromba de agua = pelting rain, downpour, waterspout, soaking rain.

* una tormenta en un vaso de agua = a tempest in a teapot.

* vapor de agua = water vapour.

* volumen de agua = volume of water.

* * *

agua

f‡

A water

esta agua no es potable this isn't drinking water

agua de la llave or ( Esp) del grifo or ( RPl) de la canilla or ( Per) del caño or (AmC, Ven) del chorro tap water

agua de lluvia rainwater

agua de mar seawater

nos han cortado el agua our water's been cut off

bailarle el agua a algn ( Esp fam) (adularlo) to suck up to sb ( colloq); ( Méx fam) (coquetearle) to give sb the come-on ( colloq)

cambiarle el agua a las aceitunas or al canario ( fam hum); to take o have a leak ( colloq hum)

como agua para chocolate ( Méx fam); furious

de primera agua ( Chi): una noticia de primera agua firsthand news

lo supo de primera agua he got it straight from the horse's mouth

echar a algn al agua ( Chi fam); to blow the whistle on sb ( colloq)

estar con el agua al cuello (en un aprieto) to be up to one's neck in problems ( colloq) (muy apurado) to be up to one's eyes in work

estar más claro que el agua to be as plain as day, be (patently) obvious, be as plain as the nose on your face ( colloq)

no pienso hacerle más favores, eso está más claro que el agua I'm not doing him any more favors, that's for sure

hacer agua «embarcación» to take in water;

«negocio/institución» to founder

la teoría hace agua por todos lados the theory doesn't hold water at all, the theory has a lot of flaws

boca f A 2. (↑ boca)

ha corrido or pasado mucha agua bajo el puente a lot of water has flowed under the bridge since then

llevar el agua a su molino to turn things to one's advantage

lo que por agua viene, por agua se va ( Col); easy come, easy go

más claro, échale or echarle agua it's as plain as day, it's obvious, it's as plain as the nose on your face ( colloq)

quedar en agua de borrajas to come to nothing

había interés pero todo quedó en agua de borrajas there was some interest but nothing came of it o but it all came to nothing

sacar agua de las piedras to make something out of nothing

ser agua pasada: olvídalo, ya es agua pasada forget it, that's water under the bridge

su amor por él ya es agua pasada her love for him is a thing of the past

sin decir agua va without so much as a by-your-leave

venirle a algn como agua de mayo ( Esp): este dinero me viene como agua de mayo this money is a real godsend o has come just at the right moment

agua pasada no mueve molino it's no use crying over spilt milk

agua que no has de beber déjala correr if you're not interested, don't spoil things for me/for other people

algo tendrá el agua cuando la bendicen (refiriéndose a una persona) there must be something about him/her; (refiriéndose a una cosa) there must be something in it

del agua mansa líbreme Dios que de la brava me libro yo still waters run deep

nunca digas de esta agua no beberé you never know when the same thing might happen to you

Compuestos:

● agua bendita

holy water

● agua blanda

soft water

● agua corriente

running water

● agua de cebada

barley water

● agua de colonia

eau de cologne

● agua (de) cuba

( Chi) bleach

● agua de escorrentía

run-off rainwater

● agua de espliego or de lavanda

lavender water

● agua de lluvia

rain water

● agua de mar

sea water

● agua (de) panela

( Col) drink made with hot water and unrefined sugar

● agua de rosas

rosewater

● agua de Seltz

soda (water), seltzer (water) ( AmE)

● agua destilada

distilled water

● agua dulce

fresh water

un pescado de agua dulce a freshwater fish

● agua dura

hard water

● agua fuerte

aqua fortis, nitric acid

● agua Jane®

(Ur) bleach

● agua mineral

mineral water

agua mineral con gas sparkling o carbonated mineral water, fizzy water ( BrE)

agua mineral sin gas still mineral water

● agua oxigenada

peroxide, hydrogen peroxide ( tech)

● agua perra

( Chi fam) boiled water ( drunk for health reasons)

● agua pesada

heavy water

● agua potable

drinking water

● agua regia

aqua regia

● agua salada

salt water

● aguas bautismales

fpl baptismal waters

● aguas negras

fpl sewage

● aguas pluviales

fpl rainwater

● aguas residuales

fpl sewage

● aguas servidas

fpl (CS) sewage

● agua tónica

tonic water

B (lluvia) rain

Compuesto:

agua nieve

sleet

C (AmC, Andes)

1 ( fam) (bebida gaseosa) soda ( AmE), pop ( AmE), fizzy drink ( BrE)

2 (infusión) tea, infusion ( frml)

tómate un agüita para el dolor de estómago have an herb ( AmE) o ( BrE) herbal tea for your stomachache

se tomó un agua de menta she had a cup of mint tea

D aguas fpl

1 (mares) waters (pl); (de un río) waters (pl)

los derechos de pesca en estas aguas fishing rights in these waters

la zona bañada por las aguas del Nilo the area through which the waters of the Nile flow

estar or nadar entre dos aguas to sit on the fence

los últimos esfuerzos para atraer a los votantes que están entre dos aguas the last-minute efforts to pick up the votes of those who are still undecided

volver las aguas a su cauce: una vez que las aguas vuelvan a su cauce hablaremos del asunto we'll talk the matter over once things settle down o return to normal

2 (de balneario, manantial) waters (pl)

tomar las aguas to take the waters

Compuestos:

● aguas jurisdiccionales

fpl territorial waters (pl)

● aguas litorales

fpl coastal waters

● aguas subterráneas

fpl ground water

● aguas superficiales

fpl surface water

● aguas termales

fpl thermal waters (pl)

● aguas territoriales

fpl territorial waters (pl)

E aguas fpl

(reflejos): una tela brillante y con aguas a shiny, watered fabric

un topacio con hermosas aguas a sparkling topaz

F aguas fpl ( Fisiol)

tb aguas amnióticas amniotic fluid

rompió aguas her waters broke

Compuestos:

● aguas mayores

( euf)

fpl: hacer aguas mayores to defecate ( frml), to move one's bowels ( euph)

● aguas menores

( euf)

fpl: hacer aguas menores to urinate ( frml), to pass water ( euph), to relieve oneself ( euph)

G aguas fpl (vertientes) slope

tejado a dos aguas gable o apex o saddle roof

cubrir aguas to put the roof on

* * *

Del verbo aguar: ( conjugate aguar)

agua es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
agua
aguar
agua feminine noun taking masculine article in the singular
1 water;
◊ agua de lluvia/mar rainwater/seawater;

agua corriente/destilada running/distilled water;
agua de colonia eau de cologne;
agua dulce fresh water;
agua mineral mineral water;
agua mineral con gas/sin gas sparkling/still mineral water;
agua oxigenada peroxide, hydrogen peroxide (tech);
agua potable/salada drinking/salt water;
como agua para chocolate (Méx fam) furious;
estar con el agua al cuello to be up to one's neck;
estar más claro que el agua to be (patently) obvious;
hacérsele agua la boca a algn (AmL): se me hizo agua la boca it made my mouth water;
ser agua pasada to be a thing of the past;
agua que no has de beber déjala correr if you're not interested, don't spoil things for me/for other people;
nunca digas de esta agua no beberé you never know when the same thing might happen to you
2 ( lluvia) rain
3 (AmC, Andes) ( infusión) herb tea (AmE), herbal tea (BrE);
◊ agua de menta mint tea

4
◊ aguas sustantivo femenino plural

a) (de mar, río) waters (pl)

b) (de balneario, manantial) waters (pl);

◊ tomar las aguas to take the waters;

◊ aguas termales thermal waters (pl)

aguar ( conjugate aguar) verbo transitivo
a) ‹leche/vino› to water down

b) (fam) ( estropear) to put a damper on (colloq)

aguarse verbo pronominal (fam) to be spoiled
agua sustantivo femenino water
agua bendita, holy water
agua corriente, running water
agua dulce, fresh water
agua mineral, mineral water
agua oxigenada, hydrogen peroxide
agua potable, drinking water
agua salada, salt water
aguas jurisdiccionales, territorial waters
aguas residuales, sewage sing
♦ Locuciones: figurado estar con el a. al cuello, to be up to one's neck in it
aguar verbo transitivo
1 to water down
2 (frustar, estropear) to spoil
♦ Locuciones: figurado aguar la fiesta a alguien, to spoil sb's fun
' agua' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abastecimiento
- achicar
- acometida
- acrecentar
- actuar
- aguatera
- aguatero
- ahogarse
- ajo
- apercibirse
- badén
- bailar
- bañar
- barro
- bautizar
- boca
- bomba
- bombear
- borraja
- bota
- brote
- buscar
- caída
- caliza
- calizo
- cangrejo
- chorro
- cobrador
- cobradora
- colonia
- columna
- concienciar
- conducción
- confluir
- consistente
- corriente
- corte
- dar
- depurar
- dimanar
- dulce
- echar
- empañar
- enchufar
- enturbiar
- escorrentía
- escurrirse
- estancar
- estancada
- estancado
English:
bitten
- board
- bob
- boil
- bring
- canteen
- churn
- clear
- coastguard
- cologne
- come up to
- conserve
- contaminate
- crystal-clear
- cut off
- dam
- dam up
- deluge
- dilute
- disconnect
- dishwater
- distil
- distill
- dive
- drain
- dredge up
- drinking
- eau de Cologne
- edge
- element
- emulsion paint
- escape
- expanse
- fizzy
- flounder
- font
- forced
- foul
- fresh
- freshwater
- geyser
- glass
- glassy
- godsend
- gush
- hard
- heave
- hot-water bottle
- ice over
- ice up

* * *

agua

♦ nf Takes the masculine articles el and un

1. [líquido] water

Comp
agua de azahar = drink made with orange blossom, used as a mild sedative;
aguas bautismales baptismal waters;

agua bendita holy water;

agua blanda soft water;
RP agua de la canilla tap water;
agua de coco coconut milk;

agua de colonia eau de Cologne;

agua corriente running water;

agua destilada distilled water;

agua dulce fresh water;

agua dura hard water;

agua embotellada bottled water;
Méx aguas frescas fresh fruit drinks;
agua fuerte nitric acid;

agua del grifo tap water;
Chile, Col, Méx agua de la llave tap water;
agua de lluvia rainwater;
Euf aguas mayores faeces;
agua medicinal water with medicinal properties;
Euf aguas menores urine;
agua de mesa bottled water, table water;
Fam Dep agua milagrosa ≈ magic sponge;
agua mineral mineral water;
Cuba [agua con gas] sparkling mineral water;
agua mineral con gas sparkling mineral water;

agua mineral sin gas still mineral water;
Cuba agua natural still mineral water;
aguas negras sewage;

agua nieve sleet;

está cayendo agua nieve it's sleeting;

agua de nieve melt-water;

agua oxigenada hydrogen peroxide;

agua pesada heavy water;

agua pluvial rainwater;

agua potable drinking water;
Quím agua regia aqua regia;
aguas residuales sewage;

agua de rosas rose-water;

agua salada salt water;

agua salobre salt water;

agua de Seltz Seltzer (water);
Am aguas servidas sewage;
agua subterránea groundwater;

aguas superficiales surface water;

agua tónica tonic water;
Esp agua de Valencia = cocktail of champagne, orange juice and Cointreau
2.
aguas [de río, mar] waters;

aguas arriba/abajo upstream/downstream

Comp
aguas bravas white water;
aguas continentales inland o continental waters;

aguas costeras coastal waters;

aguas jurisdiccionales territorial waters;

aguas territoriales territorial waters

3. [lluvia] rain;

ha caído mucha agua there has been a lot of rain

4. [grieta en barco] leak;

hacer agua [barca] to leak;
[negocio] to go under;
este negocio hace agua por todas partes this firm is on the point of going under

5. [manantial]
aguas waters, spring;

tomar las aguas to take the waters

Comp
aguas termales thermal o hot springs
6. [vertiente de tejado] slope;

un tejado de dos aguas a ridged roof;

cubrir aguas to put the roof on

7. Med
aguas waters;

ha roto aguas her waters have broken

8.
aguas [en diamante, tela] water

9. Perú Fam [dinero] dough

10. Comp
Fam
¡al agua, patos! [en piscina] in you jump!;
Fam
bailarle el agua a alguien to lick sb's boots;
Fam
cambiar el agua al canario to take a leak;

claro como el agua as clear as day;

más claro, agua nothing can be clearer than that;
Méx Fam
como agua para chocolate hopping mad, fizzing;

echar agua al mar to carry coals to Newcastle;

entre dos aguas in doubt, undecided;

estar con el agua al cuello to be up to one's neck (in it);

hacerse agua en la boca to melt in one's mouth;

se me hace la boca agua it makes my mouth water;

se me hizo la boca agua al ver el pastel when I saw the cake, my mouth started watering;

nadar entre dos aguas to sit on the fence;

quedar en agua de borrajas to come to nothing;

eso es agua pasada that's water under the bridge o US over the dam;

sacar agua de las piedras to make something out of nothing;

sin decir agua va ni agua viene suddenly, unexpectedly;

venir como agua de mayo to be a godsend;

las aguas volvieron a su cauce things got back to normal;

Prov

no digas nunca de esta agua no beberé you should never say never;

Prov

agua pasada no mueve molino it's no use crying over spilt milk

♦ interj
Méx Fam
¡aguas! look o watch out!, careful!

* * *

agua

f

1 water;

claro como el agua obvious, as plain as day;

como agua de mayo a godsend;

te ha estado esperando como agua de mayo he’s been longing to see you;

es agua pasada it’s water under the bridge;

está con el agua al cuello fig

con problemas he’s up to his neck in problems fam ; con deudas he’s up to his neck in debt fam ;

ha corrido mucha agua a lot of water has flowed under the bridge since then;

estar como agua para el chocolate Méx fam be fuming, be hopping mad fam ;

hacer agua MAR take in water, have a leak;

pasado por agua huevo soft-boiled; ( muy lluvioso) very wet;

llevar agua al mar be a waste of time, Br tb carry coals to Newcastle;

se me hace la boca agua it makes my mouth water

2

:

aguas pl waters;

aguas abajo dowstream;

aguas arriba upstream;

hacer aguas mayores defecate, move one’s bowels;

hacer aguas menores urinate, pass water;

las aguas vuelven a su cauce fig things are getting back to normal;

estar entre dos aguas para satisfacer a otros be caught in the middle;

rompió aguas her waters broke;

tomar las aguas take the waters

* * *

agua nf

1) : water

2)

agua oxigenada : hydrogen peroxide

3)

aguas negras or aguas residuales : sewage

4)

como agua para chocolate Mex fam : furious

5)

echar aguas Mex fam : to keep an eye out, to be on the lookout

* * *

agua n water

estar con el agua al cuello to be in up to your neck in it

más claro que el agua crystal clear

ser agua pasada to be water under the bridge

agua con gas sparkling water

agua corriente running water

agua del grifo tap water

agua dulce fresh water

agua mineral mineral water

agua potable drinking water

agua salada salt water

agua sin gas still water

aguas residuales sewage

Spanish-English dictionary > agua
13 empezar

v.

to begin, to start.

empezó la conferencia dando la bienvenida a los asistentes she began o started her speech by welcoming everyone there

empezaron otra botella de vino they started o opened another bottle of wine

la clase empieza a las diez the class begins o starts at ten o'clock

¡no empieces!, ¡ya hemos discutido este tema lo suficiente! don't you start, we've spent long enough on this subject already!

al empezar la reunión when the meeting started o began

empezar a hacer algo to begin o start to do something

empezar por hacer algo to begin o start by doing something

para empezar to begin o start with

Ricardo empezó la fiesta tarde Richard began the party late.

La fiesta empezó tarde The party began late.

Ricardo empezó el crucigrama Richard started the crossword puzzle.

* * *

EMPEZAR

CONJUGACIÓN

(e changes to ie in stressed syllables and z changes to c before e)

Present Indicative

empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empezáis, empiezan.

Past ind

empecé, empezaste, empezó, empezamos, empezasteis, empezaron.

Present Subjunctive

empiece, empieces, empiece, empecemos, empecéis, empiecen.

Imperative

empieza (tú), empiece (él/Vd.), empecemos (nos.), empezad (vos.), empiecen (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

to begin, start

* * *

1. VI

1) (=comenzar) [gen] to start, begin; [en un puesto de trabajo] to start

el curso empieza en octubre — the course starts o begins in October

el año ha empezado mal — the year got off to a bad start, the year started o began badly

antes de empezar, os recordaré que... — before we start o begin, I'd like to remind you that...

al empezar el año — at the start o beginning of the year

¿cuándo empieza el nuevo cocinero? — when does the new cook start?

empecé de ayudante — I started as an assistant

¡no empieces! — * don't you start! *

• para empezar — to start with, begin with

para empezar quisiera agradecerte tu presencia entre nosotros — I would like to start o begin by thanking you for being with us, to start o begin with, I would like to thank you for being with us

- todo es cuestión de empezar

2)

• empezar a hacer algo — [gen] to start o begin to do sth, start o begin doing sth; [en un trabajo] to start to do o doing sth

empezó a llover — it started o began to rain, it started o began raining

la película me está empezando a aburrir — the film is starting o beginning to bore me

ya empiezo a entrar en calor — I'm starting o beginning to feel warm now

empiezo a trabajar en octubre — I start work in October

3)

• empezar haciendo algo — to begin o start by doing sth

empezaremos pidiendo ayuda — we'll start o begin by asking for help

la canción empieza diciendo que... — the song begins o starts by saying that...

4)

• empezar con algo — [película, curso, año] to start o begin with sth

la novela empieza con una referencia a Sartre — the novel starts o begins with a reference to Sartre

empezamos con cerveza y acabamos con vino — we started on o began with beer and ended up on wine

¿cuándo empezáis con las clases de inglés? — when do you start your English classes?

¡no empieces otra vez con lo mismo! — don't start on that again!

5)

• empezar por algo/algn — to start with sth/sb, begin with sth/sb

empezaré por la cocina — I'll start o begin with the kitchen

"huelga" empieza por hache — "huelga" starts o begins with (an) h

no sé por dónde empezar — I don't know where to start o begin

la carcoma empezó por las patas del armario — the woodworm started in the legs of the wardrobe

ya podías haber empezado por ahí — why couldn't you have said that at the beginning o at the start?

empezar por hacer algo — to start by doing sth, begin by doing sth

2.

VT [+ actividad, temporada] to start, begin; [+ botella, jamón] to start

hemos empezado mal la semana — the week got off to a bad start for us, the week started badly for us

el queso está ya empezado — the cheese has already been started

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) película/conferencia/invierno to begin, start

al empezar el siglo — at the turn of the century

ya han empezado los fríos — the cold weather has arrived o started

empezar a + inf — to start to + inf, start -ing

empezó a nevar — it started to snow o snowing

me empezó a entrar hambre — I began o started to feel hungry

2) persona to start

empezar de nuevo or volver a empezar — to start again

todo es (cuestión de) empezar — it'll be fine once we/you get started

ya empezamos otra vez! — here we go again!

no sé por dónde empezar — I don't know where to begin

vamos a empezar por ti — let's start with you

empezar a + inf — to start -ing, start to + inf

empezó a llorar — he began o started to cry

empezar + ger — to start by -ing

empezó diciendo que... — she started o began by saying that...

empezó trabajando de mecánico — he started out as a mechanic

empezar por + inf — to start o begin by -ing

empecemos por estudiar el contexto histórico — let's begin o start by looking at the historical context

3)

para empezar — first of all, to start with
2.
empezar vt

1) <tarea/actividad> to start

2) <frasco/mermelada> to start, open

* * *

= begin, get + started, start, start off, kick off, set out, get + Nombre + underway, get + Posesivo + feet wet, set in, cut + Posesivo + spurs, commence.

Ex. This section has begun to demonstrate some of the problems associated with the author approach.

Ex. 'We'll get started as soon as everyone arrives,' the executive director shook her hand and smiled graciously.

Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex. If you establish a principle of using the national language, where do you start off?.

Ex. The article is entitled 'The bucks start here: ALA kicks off library funding campaign'.

Ex. The person seeking information needs to have all the necessary documentation before setting out, otherwise it could result in considerable expense and much time wasting.

Ex. The author describes two surveys which the IFLA Section has been involved in to acquire the information necessary to get the project underway.

Ex. Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.

Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.

Ex. Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.

Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.

----

* acabar mejor de lo que + empezar = end up on + a high note.

* al empezar = first off.

* bomba de relojería + empezar la cuenta atrás = time bomb + tick away.

* empezar a = be on + Posesivo + way to.

* empezar a acabarse = run + low (on).

* empezar a actuar = swing into + action.

* empezar a arder = catch + fire, catch on + fire.

* empezar a caer en picado = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a calar en = grow on/upon + Pronombre.

* empezar a comprender = grow on/upon + Pronombre.

* empezar a dar carcajadas = burst into + a fit of laughter, burst into + side-splitting laughter.

* empezar a darse cuenta de = grow on/upon + Pronombre.

* empezar a debatir = embark on/upon + discussion.

* empezar a deteriorarse = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a diluviar = the skies + open up.

* empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a faltar = be in short supply, be at a premium.

* empezar a fumar = take up + smoking.

* empezar a funcionar = become + operational, get off + the ground, get + rolling, get + things going, get + things rolling, go + live, get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.

* empezar a gustar la idea = warm up to + the idea.

* empezar a hablar de = make + noises about, make + a noise about.

* empezar a imprimir = go to + press.

* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.

* empezar a irse al garete = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a jugar mejor = get back into + the game.

* empezar Algo = get + Nombre + started.

* empezar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.

* empezar a mejorar = turn + a corner, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better.

* empezar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.

* empezar a reírse a carcajadas = burst into + a fit of laughter, burst into + side-splitting laughter.

* empezar a resquebrajarse = develop + cracks.

* empezar a saltar las lágrimas = eyes + start to well up with tears, eyes + start to well up.

* empezar a sudar por el esfuerzo = work up + a sweat, work up + a lather.

* empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.

* empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.

* empezar a trabajar = take + job.

* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* empezar a utilizarse = come into + use.

* empezar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing, hit + the ground running.

* empezar de cero = start at + ground zero.

* empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.

* empezar desde = work from, set out from.

* empezar desde cero = start at + ground zero.

* empezar desde la base = start at + ground zero.

* empezar la casa por el tejado = tail wagging the dog.

* empezar lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.

* empezar por el final = work back from.

* empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.

* empezar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.

* enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.

* hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.

* bebé que empieza a andar = toddler.

* para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.

* terminar mejor de lo que + empezar = end up on + a high note.

* una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.

* una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.

* volver a empezar = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board, a fresh start, start over, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volver a empezar de cero = be back to square one, go back to + square one.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) película/conferencia/invierno to begin, start

al empezar el siglo — at the turn of the century

ya han empezado los fríos — the cold weather has arrived o started

empezar a + inf — to start to + inf, start -ing

empezó a nevar — it started to snow o snowing

me empezó a entrar hambre — I began o started to feel hungry

2) persona to start

empezar de nuevo or volver a empezar — to start again

todo es (cuestión de) empezar — it'll be fine once we/you get started

ya empezamos otra vez! — here we go again!

no sé por dónde empezar — I don't know where to begin

vamos a empezar por ti — let's start with you

empezar a + inf — to start -ing, start to + inf

empezó a llorar — he began o started to cry

empezar + ger — to start by -ing

empezó diciendo que... — she started o began by saying that...

empezó trabajando de mecánico — he started out as a mechanic

empezar por + inf — to start o begin by -ing

empecemos por estudiar el contexto histórico — let's begin o start by looking at the historical context

3)

para empezar — first of all, to start with
2.
empezar vt

1) <tarea/actividad> to start

2) <frasco/mermelada> to start, open

* * *

= begin, get + started, start, start off, kick off, set out, get + Nombre + underway, get + Posesivo + feet wet, set in, cut + Posesivo + spurs, commence.

Ex: This section has begun to demonstrate some of the problems associated with the author approach.

Ex: 'We'll get started as soon as everyone arrives,' the executive director shook her hand and smiled graciously.

Ex: Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex: If you establish a principle of using the national language, where do you start off?.

Ex: The article is entitled 'The bucks start here: ALA kicks off library funding campaign'.

Ex: The person seeking information needs to have all the necessary documentation before setting out, otherwise it could result in considerable expense and much time wasting.

Ex: The author describes two surveys which the IFLA Section has been involved in to acquire the information necessary to get the project underway.

Ex: Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.

Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.

Ex: Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.

Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.

* acabar mejor de lo que + empezar = end up on + a high note.

* al empezar = first off.

* bomba de relojería + empezar la cuenta atrás = time bomb + tick away.

* empezar a = be on + Posesivo + way to.

* empezar a acabarse = run + low (on).

* empezar a actuar = swing into + action.

* empezar a arder = catch + fire, catch on + fire.

* empezar a caer en picado = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a calar en = grow on/upon + Pronombre.

* empezar a comprender = grow on/upon + Pronombre.

* empezar a dar carcajadas = burst into + a fit of laughter, burst into + side-splitting laughter.

* empezar a darse cuenta de = grow on/upon + Pronombre.

* empezar a debatir = embark on/upon + discussion.

* empezar a deteriorarse = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a diluviar = the skies + open up.

* empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a faltar = be in short supply, be at a premium.

* empezar a fumar = take up + smoking.

* empezar a funcionar = become + operational, get off + the ground, get + rolling, get + things going, get + things rolling, go + live, get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.

* empezar a gustar la idea = warm up to + the idea.

* empezar a hablar de = make + noises about, make + a noise about.

* empezar a imprimir = go to + press.

* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.

* empezar a irse al garete = hit + the skids, be on the skids.

* empezar a jugar mejor = get back into + the game.

* empezar Algo = get + Nombre + started.

* empezar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.

* empezar a mejorar = turn + a corner, take + a turn, take + a turn for the better.

* empezar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.

* empezar a reírse a carcajadas = burst into + a fit of laughter, burst into + side-splitting laughter.

* empezar a resquebrajarse = develop + cracks.

* empezar a saltar las lágrimas = eyes + start to well up with tears, eyes + start to well up.

* empezar a sudar por el esfuerzo = work up + a sweat, work up + a lather.

* empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.

* empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.

* empezar a trabajar = take + job.

* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* empezar a utilizarse = come into + use.

* empezar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing, hit + the ground running.

* empezar de cero = start at + ground zero.

* empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.

* empezar desde = work from, set out from.

* empezar desde cero = start at + ground zero.

* empezar desde la base = start at + ground zero.

* empezar la casa por el tejado = tail wagging the dog.

* empezar lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.

* empezar por el final = work back from.

* empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.

* empezar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.

* enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.

* hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.

* bebé que empieza a andar = toddler.

* para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.

* terminar mejor de lo que + empezar = end up on + a high note.

* una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.

* una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.

* volver a empezar = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board, a fresh start, start over, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

* volver a empezar de cero = be back to square one, go back to + square one.

* * *

empezar [A6 ]

vi

A

1 «película/conferencia/invierno» to begin, start

el curso empieza el 16 the course begins o ( frml) commences on the 16th

¿con qué letra empieza? what is the first letter?, what letter does it begin with?

al empezar el siglo at the turn of the century

ya han empezado los fríos the cold weather has arrived o started

2 empezar A + INF to start to + INF, start -ING

ha empezado a nevar it has started snowing, it has started to snow

le empezó a entrar hambre she began o started to feel hungry

empezó a hervir it began boiling o to boil, it came to the boil, it started boiling o to boil

le han empezado a salir espinillas she's getting o starting to get pimples

empieza a ser imposible conseguirlo it is becoming impossible to get it

B «persona»

1 (en una actividad) to start

¿cuándo empieza la nueva secretaria? when is the new secretary starting?, when does the new secretary start?

empezó de aprendiz he started o began as an apprentice

tendremos que empezar de nuevo or volver a empezar we'll have to start again

todo es (cuestión de) empezar it'll be fine once we/you get started

¡ya empezamos otra vez! here we go again!

empezar POR algo/algn:

empecemos por el principio let's begin o start at the beginning

empezó por la pared del fondo he started o began with the back wall

no sabe por dónde empezar she doesn't know where to begin o start

vamos a empezar por ti let's start with you

2 empezar A + INF to start -ING, start to + INF

cuando empezó a hablar se le fueron los nervios once she started o began talking, her nervousness disappeared

tenía dos años cuando empezó a hablar she started talking when she was two

empezó a llorar he began o started to cry

3 empezar + GER to start BY -ING

empezó diciendo que sería breve she started o began by saying that she would be brief

empezó trabajando de mecánico he started by working as a mechanic, he started out as a mechanic

4 empezar POR + INF to start o begin BY -ING

empieza por sentarte begin o start by taking a seat, take a seat first

se empieza por marinar la carne first marinade the meat

empecemos por estudiar el contexto histórico let's begin o start by looking at the historical context

C

para empezar: para empezar, me parece un disparate for a start o for one thing, I think it's a ridiculous idea

para empezar, ¿quién te dio permiso para leer mi correspondencia? who gave you permission to read my letters anyway?

para empezar, hay que limpiar la superficie first of all o to start with, you have to clean the surface

■ empezar

vt

A ‹tarea/actividad› to start

se debe empezar el día con un buen desayuno you should start o begin the day with a good breakfast

¿ya empezaste el tercer capítulo? have you started chapter three yet?

B ‹frasco/lata/mermelada› to start, open

no empieces otra botella don't start o open another bottle

¿podemos empezar este jamón? can we start on this ham?

* * *

empezar ( conjugate empezar) verbo intransitivo
1 [película/conferencia/invierno] to begin, start;
◊ empezó a nevar it started to snow o snowing

2 [ persona] to start;
◊ volver a empezar to start again;

todo es cuestión de empezar it'll be fine once we/you get started;
no sé por dónde empezar I don't know where to begin;
vamos a empezar por ti let's start with you;
empezar a hacer algo to start doing sth, start to do sth;
empezó diciendo que … she started o began by saying that …;
empezó trabajando de mecánico he started out as a mechanic;
empecemos por estudiar el contexto histórico let's begin o start by looking at the historical context
3
◊ para empezar first of all, to start with

verbo transitivo
a) ‹tarea/actividad› to start

b) ‹frasco/mermelada› to start, open

empezar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
1 (dar principio a una actividad) to begin, start: aún no hemos empezado a comer, we still haven't started to eat
para empezar, first of all: para empezar, eso que dices no es cierto, to begin with what you're saying is just not true
no empieces con tus tonterías, don't start being stupid again
2 (un paquete, una caja) to open, start: la caja de galletas está sin empezar, the box of biscuits hasn't been opened yet
3 (tener principio) to start: la película empieza a las diez, the film starts at ten o'clock ➣ Ver nota en begin y start
♦ Locuciones: ya empezamos, here we go again
' empezar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adormecerse
- arrancar
- cada
- cobrar
- compilación
- echar
- echarse
- ponerse
- pronta
- pronto
- romper
- soltarse
- trabar
- vaya
- volver
- ya
- a
- aclarar
- cero
- empiece
- entrar
- incendiar
- largar
- poner
English:
begin
- branch out
- clean up
- cotton on
- daunt
- fail
- flying
- get
- grow
- impatient
- kick off
- nervous
- open
- pipe up
- place
- set off
- spring
- square
- start
- start off
- start up
- strike up
- take off
- take up
- thing
- turn
- afresh
- beginning
- ground
- into
- keen
- kick
- originate
- over
- rampage
- roll
- scratch
- strike
- suppose
- undone

* * *

empezar

♦ vt

to begin, to start;

empezó la conferencia dando la bienvenida a los asistentes she began o started her speech by welcoming everyone there;

todavía no hemos empezado el colegio we still haven't started school;

empecé el libro, pero no lo conseguí acabar I started (reading) the book, but didn't manage to finish it;

hemos empezado la tarta we've started the cake;

empezaron otra botella de vino they started o opened another bottle of wine

♦ vi

to begin, to start (a/por to/by);
la clase empieza a las diez the class begins o starts at ten o'clock;

¿a qué hora empieza el partido? what time does the game start?;

el concierto empezó tarde the concert started late;

la película empieza con una escena muy violenta the film begins with a very violent scene;

tuvieron que empezar de nuevo they had to start again;

el aprender a nadar, todo es empezar with swimming, getting started is half the battle;

¡no empieces!, ¡ya hemos discutido este tema lo suficiente! don't you start, we've spent long enough on this subject already!;

¡ya empezamos con el vecino y su música! here we go again with our neighbour and his music!;

al empezar la reunión when the meeting started o began;

al empezar resulta un poco difícil it's quite hard at first o to begin with;

en noviembre empezó a hacer frío it started getting colder in November;

empezó pidiendo disculpas por su retraso she started o began by apologizing for being late;

empezar por: empieza por el salón, yo haré la cocina you start on the living-room, I'll do the kitchen;

empieza por aflojar los tornillos first, loosen the screws, start o begin by loosening the screws;

empieza por portarte bien, y ya hablaremos first you start behaving well, then we'll talk;

para empezar: para empezar, sopa I'd like soup for starters o to start with;

para empezar, habrá que comprar los billetes first of all o to start with, we'll have to buy the tickets;

no me gusta, para empezar, es demasiado pequeño I don't like it, it's too small to start with

* * *

empezar

I v/t start, begin

II v/i

1 start, begin;

empezar a hacer algo start to do sth, start doing sth;

empezar por hacer algo start o begin by doing sth;

empezar por alguien start with s.o.;

para empezar to begin with;

ya empezamos fam here we go again

* * *

empezar {29} v

comenzar: to start, to begin

* * *

empezar vb to start / to begin [pt. began; pp. begun]

he empezado a estudiar inglés I've started learning English

empezó a contarme la historia she began to tell me the story

Spanish-English dictionary > empezar
14 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
15 falta

f.

1 lack (carencia).

hay falta de trabajo there's a shortage of work

a falta de in the absence of

por falta de for want o lack of

fue absuelto por falta de pruebas he was acquitted for lack of evidence

es una falta de educación it's bad manners

es una falta de respeto it shows a lack of respect

2 absence (ausencia).

nadie notó su falta nobody noticed his/its absence

echar en falta algo/a alguien to notice that something/somebody is missing; (notar la ausencia de) to miss something/somebody (echar de menos)

sin falta without fail

el lunes sin falta on Monday without fail

3 fault.

sacarle faltas a alguien/algo to find fault with somebody/something

falta de ortografía spelling mistake

4 foul (sport) (infracción).

lanzar o sacar una falta to take a free kick

falta libre directa direct free kick offense

falta personal personal foul

5 offense (law).

falta grave/leve serious/minor offense

6 missed period.

7 shortcoming, lapse, foul, failing.

8 need, want.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: faltar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: faltar.

* * *

falta

► nombre femenino

1 (carencia) lack

■ falta de sensibilidad lack of sensitivity

2 (escasez) shortage

■ existe una falta de agua there is a water shortage

3 (ausencia) absence

4 (error) mistake

■ has hecho una falta de ortografía you've made a spelling mistake

5 (defecto) fault, defect

6 (mala acción) misdeed

7 MEDICINA missed period

8 DERECHO misdemeanour (US misdemeanor)

9 DEPORTE (fútbol) foul; (tenis) fault

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a falta de... for want of..., for lack of...

coger a alguien en falta to catch somebody out

echar en falta to miss

hacer falta to be necessary

■ hizo falta un martillo we needed a hammer

no hace falta que... there is no need for...

pillar a alguien en falta to catch somebody out

poner falta a alguien to mark somebody absent

por falta de...→ link=a a falta de

sacar faltas a to find fault with

sacar una falta DEPORTE to take a free kick

sin falta without fail

tirar una falta DEPORTE to take a free kick

¡falta hacía! and about time too!

falta de educación bad manners plural

falta de pago nonpayment

* * *

noun f.

1) lack, want

2) fault, error

3) foul

* * *

SF

1) (=carencia)

a) [de recursos, información, control, acuerdo] lack

los candidatos demostraron en el examen su absoluta falta de preparación — in the exam the candidates revealed their total lack of preparation

es evidente su falta de voluntad negociadora — it is clear that they have no wish to negotiate

• falta de respeto — disrespect, lack of respect

la falta de respeto por las ideas de los demás — disrespect o lack of respect for other people's ideas

¡qué falta de respeto! — how rude!

b)

• a falta de — in the absence of, for want of

a falta de información fiable, nos limitamos a repetir los rumores — in the absence of reliable information, we can merely repeat the rumours, we can merely repeat the rumours, for want of reliable information

a falta de champán para celebrarlo, beberemos cerveza — as we don't have any champagne to celebrate with, we'll drink beer

• a falta de un término/sistema mejor — for want of a better term/system

• a falta de tres minutos para el final — three minutes from the end

a falta de 40kms para la meta el ciclista se retiró — the cyclist withdrew 40kms from the finish

- a falta de pan, buenas son tortas

c)

• por falta de — for lack of

se absolvió al acusado por falta de pruebas — the defendant was acquitted for lack of evidence

el rosal se murió por falta de luz — the rose died due to lack of light

d)

• echar algo/a algn en falta — to miss sth/sb

echo en falta a mis amigos — I miss my friends

durante el festival se echaron en falta a las grandes estrellas — the big names were missing from the festival
educación 3)
2)

• hacer falta, me hace mucha falta un coche — I really o badly * need a car

a este plato le hace falta sal — this dish needs more salt

lo que hace falta aquí es más disciplina — what's needed here is stricter discipline

aquí no haces falta — you're not needed here

no nos hace falta nada — we've got everything we need, we don't need anything else

es el hombre que hacía falta — he is the right man for the job

¡falta hacía! — and about time too!

si hace falta, voy — if necessary, I'll go, if need be, I'll go

• hacer falta hacer algo, para ser enfermero hace falta tener vocación — you have to be dedicated to be a nurse

no hace falta ser un experto para llegar a esa conclusión — you don't need to be an expert to reach that conclusion

ahora lo que te hace falta es recuperar las fuerzas — what you need now is to regain your strength

¡hace falta ser tonto para no darse cuenta! — you have to be pretty stupid not to realize!

• hacer falta que + subjun —

hace falta que el agua esté hirviendo — the water must be o needs to be boiling

si hace falta que os echemos una mano, llamadnos — if you need us to give you a hand, give us a call

no hace falta que se lo digas — there's no need for you to tell him

ni falta que hace iró —

-¿te han invitado al concierto? -no, ni falta que me hace — "haven't they invited you to the concert?" - "no, and I couldn't care less" *

3) (Escol) (=ausencia) absence

• poner falta a algn — to mark sb absent, put sb down as absent

falta de asistencia — absence

tiene cinco faltas de asistencia — he has been absent five times

4) (=infracción)

a) (Jur) offence, offense (EEUU)

• falta grave — serious offence, serious offense (EEUU), serious misconduct

• falta leve — minor offence, minor offense (EEUU), misdemeanour, misdemeanor (EEUU)

b) (Ftbl, Balonmano) foul; (Tenis) fault

ha sido falta — it was a foul o fault

va a sacar la falta — (Ftbl) he's going to take the free kick; (Balonmano) he's going to take the free throw

• cometer una falta contra algn — to foul sb

• lanzamiento de falta — (Ftbl) free kick

falta personal — personal foul

5) (=fallo) [de persona] shortcoming, fault; [de máquina, producto] flaw, fault

• sacar faltas a algn — to point out sb's shortcomings, find fault with sb

siempre le está sacando faltas a todo lo que hago — she's always picking holes in everything I do

• sin falta — without fail

mañana sin falta recibirá nuestro informe — you will get our report tomorrow without fail

falta de ortografía — spelling mistake

6) [por estar embarazada] missed period

* * *

femenino

1) (carencia, ausencia)

falta de algo — de interés/dinero lack of something

por falta de fondos — owing to a lack of funds

falta de personal — staff shortage

es por la falta de costumbre — it's because I'm/you're not used to it

no es por falta de ganas — it's not that I don't want to

siente mucho la falta de su hijo — she misses her son terribly

a falta de un nombre mejor — for want of a better name

a falta de más información — in the absence of more information

a falta de pan buenas son (las) tortas or (Méx) a falta de pan, tortillas — half a loaf is better than none

echar algo en falta: aquí se echa en falta más formalidad what's needed here is a more serious attitude; echó en falta sus alhajas — she realized her jewelry was missing

2) ( inasistencia) tb

falta de asistencia — absence

le pusieron falta — they marked her down as absent

tienes 30 faltas — you have been absent 30 times

3) ( de la menstruación) missed period

es mi segunda falta — I've missed two periods

4)

hacer falta: no hace falta que se queden there's no need for you to stay; hace falta ser tonto para creerse eso! you have to be stupid to believe that!; si hace falta... if necessary...; no hizo falta cambiarlo I/we didn't need to change it; lo que hace falta es que nos escuchen what they really need to do is listen to us; lo que hace falta aquí es una computadora what's needed here is a computer; (+ me/te/le etc) le hace falta descansar he/she needs to rest; estudia que buena falta te hace (fam) it's about time you did some studying; me haces mucha falta I really need you; ni falta que (me/te/le) hace — (fam) so what? (colloq)

5) (infracción, omisión) offense*

una falta grave — a serious misdemeanor*

fue una falta de respeto — it was very rude of you/him/her/them

agarrar or (esp Esp) coger a alguien en falta — to catch somebody out

lo traigo el jueves sin falta — I'll bring it on Thursday without fail

- falta de educación

- falta de ortografía

- falta de pago

6) ( defecto)

sacarle or encontrarle faltas a algo — to find fault with something

7) (Dep)

a) (infracción - en fútbol, baloncesto) foul; (- en tenis) fault

b) ( tiro libre - en fútbol) free kick; (- en balonmano) free throw

* * *

= anaemia [anemia, -USA], deprivation, failing, fault, inadequacy, infringement, scarcity, shortage, starvation, defect, misdeed, petty crime, gaping hole, foul.

Nota: Generalmente usado en el contexto deportivo.

Ex. His work is criticized for its triviality, quantity, linguistically impoverished style, anemia of characterization, and cliched, stereotyped ideas and plots.

Ex. Findings emphasised the escalating deprivation of applied social scientists in general and the local government and voluntary sectors in particular.

Ex. No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.

Ex. Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.

Ex. Inadequacies in the specific A/Z subject index entry made for a subject can also occur if the indexer bases his analysis solely on the class number for that subject.

Ex. Strictly speaking, the word piracy or infringement can be applied only to the flowing back of unauthorised reproductions to countries of origen = En su estricto sentido, la palabra piratería o infracción puede aplicarse solamente a la entrada de vuelta a los países de origen de reproducciones que se hayan hecho sin la debida autorización.

Ex. The relative scarcity of music automated authority and bibliographic records likewise increases costs.

Ex. Universities currently facing a shortage of space for books should consider sending a proportion of lesser used journals to the British Library now.

Ex. This approach let to the financial starvation of public libraries.

Ex. This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.

Ex. By preserving and ensuring access to the sordid history told in the tales of the tobacco industry documents, there is hope that as a nation we will not allow a repeat of the mistakes and misdeeds of the past.

Ex. Examples of ' petty crimes' are riding the train without a ticket, reproducing copyright computer programs, traffic violations, tax evasion, & shoplifting.

Ex. Questia contains thousands of books in the liberal arts, but gaping holes and many old titles diminish its value as a library collection.

Ex. Taking a dive is cheating, but it's up to the skill of referees to recognise a genuine foul from a 'dive'.

----

* adolecer de falta de = suffer from + lack of, lack.

* a falta de = for want of, in the absence of, in default of, for lack of, short of.

* echar muchísimo en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* falta de = lack of.

* falta de acceso = unavailability.

* falta de actividad = inactivity, inaction.

* falta de actualidad = datedness.

* falta de adecuación = misfit.

* falta de agua = water shortage.

* falta de alineación = misalignment.

* falta de ambigüedad = unambiguity.

* falta de armonía = disharmony.

* falta de asistencia = lack of attendance, non-attendance.

* falta de atención = inattention, inattention.

* falta de autenticidad = inauthencity.

* falta de certeza = uncertainty.

* falta de civismo = lack of public spirit.

* falta de claridad = fuzziness, obscurity, murkiness, indistinctiveness, indistinctness.

* falta de coincidencia = mismatch.

* falta de comprensión = incomprehension, lack of understanding.

* falta de comunicación = poor communication.

* falta de conciencia = unconsciousness.

* falta de concienciación = unawareness.

* falta de confianza en = disbelief.

* falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.

* falta de control = dirty data.

* falta de convencionalismo = unconventionality.

* falta de cooperación = uncooperation.

* falta de coordinación = misalignment.

* falta de coraje = act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.

* falta de correspondencia = mismatch.

* falta de cuidado = sloppiness.

* falta de decoro = impropriety.

* falta de deseo = unwillingness.

* falta de deseo por la lectura = aliteracy.

* falta de dirección = indirection.

* falta de disciplina = indiscipline, disruptive behaviour.

* falta de disponibilidad = unavailability.

* falta de educación = impoliteness.

* falta de elasticidad = inelasticity.

* falta de entendimiento = lack of understanding.

* falta de esmero = sloppiness.

* falta de espacio = tightness of space.

* falta de especificidad = indeterminacy.

* falta de ética académica = academic dishonesty.

* falta de ética científica profesional = scientific misconduct.

* falta de ética profesional = misconduct, professional misconduct, unethical behaviour, unethical conduct, unprofessional conduct, unprofessional conduct, malpractice.

* falta de ética profesional de género = sexual misconduct.

* falta de ética profesional sexual = sexual misconduct.

* falta de fiabilidad = unreliability.

* falta de flexibilidad = inelasticity.

* falta de fondos = underfunding.

* falta de gravedad = weightlessness.

* falta de honradez = dishonesty.

* falta de idoneidad = unsuitability, inaptness.

* falta de importancia = worthlessness.

* falta de información = lack of information.

* falta de interés por cooperar = unresponsiveness.

* falta de linealidad = nonlinearity [no-linearity], nonlinearity [no-linearity].

* falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.

* falta de mérito = unworthiness.

* falta de misericordia = ruthlessness.

* falta de moderación = intemperance.

* falta de moralidad = amorality, immoral conduct.

* falta de notoriedad = low profile.

* falta de ortografía = misspelling [mis-spelling], spelling error.

* falta de oxigenación = oxygen starvation.

* falta de oxígeno = oxygen starvation.

* falta de personal = undermanning.

* falta de pertinencia = irrelevance.

* falta de peso = underweight.

* falta de piedad = ruthlessness.

* falta de precisión = fuzziness, looseness, looseness of fit.

* falta de predisposición = disinclination.

* falta de preparación = unpreparedness.

* falta de profesionalidad = amateurism, unprofessional conduct, professional misconduct.

* falta de pruebas = lack of evidence to the contrary.

* falta de puntualidad = unpunctuality.

* falta de renovación = non-renewal.

* falta de representación = under-representation [underrepresentation].

* falta de resolución = procrastination.

* falta de respeto = disrespect, irreverence, diss, diss.

* falta de rigidez = looseness, looseness of fit.

* falta de sensibilidad = insensitivity.

* falta de sentido = meaninglessness.

* falta de seriedad = flippancy.

* falta de sinceridad = insincerity.

* falta de tiempo = tightness of scheduling.

* falta de uniformidad = patchiness, unevenness.

* falta de unión = disunity.

* falta de valía = unworthiness.

* falta de valor = worthlessness, act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.

* falta de visión de futuro = shortsightedness, nearsightedness [near-sightedness], myopia.

* falta de voluntad = reluctance.

* falta leve = peccadillo [peccadilloes, -pl.], lesser sin.

* falta ortográfica = spelling mistake.

* faltas y defectos = faults and inadequacies, snags and pitfalls, snags and problems.

* hacer falta = need, must, have to, it + take.

* no hace falta decir que = it goes without saying that, needless to say.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* que falta = missing.

* remediar la falta de = remedy + the lack of.

* sacar faltas = find + fault with.

* sacarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* sin falta = without fail.

* subsanar una falta = remedy + fault.

* tarea falta de interés = chore.

* tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.

* ver faltas en = see + faults in.

* * *

femenino

1) (carencia, ausencia)

falta de algo — de interés/dinero lack of something

por falta de fondos — owing to a lack of funds

falta de personal — staff shortage

es por la falta de costumbre — it's because I'm/you're not used to it

no es por falta de ganas — it's not that I don't want to

siente mucho la falta de su hijo — she misses her son terribly

a falta de un nombre mejor — for want of a better name

a falta de más información — in the absence of more information

a falta de pan buenas son (las) tortas or (Méx) a falta de pan, tortillas — half a loaf is better than none

echar algo en falta: aquí se echa en falta más formalidad what's needed here is a more serious attitude; echó en falta sus alhajas — she realized her jewelry was missing

2) ( inasistencia) tb

falta de asistencia — absence

le pusieron falta — they marked her down as absent

tienes 30 faltas — you have been absent 30 times

3) ( de la menstruación) missed period

es mi segunda falta — I've missed two periods

4)

hacer falta: no hace falta que se queden there's no need for you to stay; hace falta ser tonto para creerse eso! you have to be stupid to believe that!; si hace falta... if necessary...; no hizo falta cambiarlo I/we didn't need to change it; lo que hace falta es que nos escuchen what they really need to do is listen to us; lo que hace falta aquí es una computadora what's needed here is a computer; (+ me/te/le etc) le hace falta descansar he/she needs to rest; estudia que buena falta te hace (fam) it's about time you did some studying; me haces mucha falta I really need you; ni falta que (me/te/le) hace — (fam) so what? (colloq)

5) (infracción, omisión) offense*

una falta grave — a serious misdemeanor*

fue una falta de respeto — it was very rude of you/him/her/them

agarrar or (esp Esp) coger a alguien en falta — to catch somebody out

lo traigo el jueves sin falta — I'll bring it on Thursday without fail

- falta de educación

- falta de ortografía

- falta de pago

6) ( defecto)

sacarle or encontrarle faltas a algo — to find fault with something

7) (Dep)

a) (infracción - en fútbol, baloncesto) foul; (- en tenis) fault

b) ( tiro libre - en fútbol) free kick; (- en balonmano) free throw

* * *

= anaemia [anemia, -USA], deprivation, failing, fault, inadequacy, infringement, scarcity, shortage, starvation, defect, misdeed, petty crime, gaping hole, foul.

Nota: Generalmente usado en el contexto deportivo.

Ex: His work is criticized for its triviality, quantity, linguistically impoverished style, anemia of characterization, and cliched, stereotyped ideas and plots.

Ex: Findings emphasised the escalating deprivation of applied social scientists in general and the local government and voluntary sectors in particular.

Ex: No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.

Ex: Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.

Ex: Inadequacies in the specific A/Z subject index entry made for a subject can also occur if the indexer bases his analysis solely on the class number for that subject.

Ex: Strictly speaking, the word piracy or infringement can be applied only to the flowing back of unauthorised reproductions to countries of origen = En su estricto sentido, la palabra piratería o infracción puede aplicarse solamente a la entrada de vuelta a los países de origen de reproducciones que se hayan hecho sin la debida autorización.

Ex: The relative scarcity of music automated authority and bibliographic records likewise increases costs.

Ex: Universities currently facing a shortage of space for books should consider sending a proportion of lesser used journals to the British Library now.

Ex: This approach let to the financial starvation of public libraries.

Ex: This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.

Ex: By preserving and ensuring access to the sordid history told in the tales of the tobacco industry documents, there is hope that as a nation we will not allow a repeat of the mistakes and misdeeds of the past.

Ex: Examples of ' petty crimes' are riding the train without a ticket, reproducing copyright computer programs, traffic violations, tax evasion, & shoplifting.

Ex: Questia contains thousands of books in the liberal arts, but gaping holes and many old titles diminish its value as a library collection.

Ex: Taking a dive is cheating, but it's up to the skill of referees to recognise a genuine foul from a 'dive'.

* adolecer de falta de = suffer from + lack of, lack.

* a falta de = for want of, in the absence of, in default of, for lack of, short of.

* echar muchísimo en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* falta de = lack of.

* falta de acceso = unavailability.

* falta de actividad = inactivity, inaction.

* falta de actualidad = datedness.

* falta de adecuación = misfit.

* falta de agua = water shortage.

* falta de alineación = misalignment.

* falta de ambigüedad = unambiguity.

* falta de armonía = disharmony.

* falta de asistencia = lack of attendance, non-attendance.

* falta de atención = inattention, inattention.

* falta de autenticidad = inauthencity.

* falta de certeza = uncertainty.

* falta de civismo = lack of public spirit.

* falta de claridad = fuzziness, obscurity, murkiness, indistinctiveness, indistinctness.

* falta de coincidencia = mismatch.

* falta de comprensión = incomprehension, lack of understanding.

* falta de comunicación = poor communication.

* falta de conciencia = unconsciousness.

* falta de concienciación = unawareness.

* falta de confianza en = disbelief.

* falta de conocimiento = unfamiliarity.

* falta de control = dirty data.

* falta de convencionalismo = unconventionality.

* falta de cooperación = uncooperation.

* falta de coordinación = misalignment.

* falta de coraje = act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.

* falta de correspondencia = mismatch.

* falta de cuidado = sloppiness.

* falta de decoro = impropriety.

* falta de deseo = unwillingness.

* falta de deseo por la lectura = aliteracy.

* falta de dirección = indirection.

* falta de disciplina = indiscipline, disruptive behaviour.

* falta de disponibilidad = unavailability.

* falta de educación = impoliteness.

* falta de elasticidad = inelasticity.

* falta de entendimiento = lack of understanding.

* falta de esmero = sloppiness.

* falta de espacio = tightness of space.

* falta de especificidad = indeterminacy.

* falta de ética académica = academic dishonesty.

* falta de ética científica profesional = scientific misconduct.

* falta de ética profesional = misconduct, professional misconduct, unethical behaviour, unethical conduct, unprofessional conduct, unprofessional conduct, malpractice.

* falta de ética profesional de género = sexual misconduct.

* falta de ética profesional sexual = sexual misconduct.

* falta de fiabilidad = unreliability.

* falta de flexibilidad = inelasticity.

* falta de fondos = underfunding.

* falta de gravedad = weightlessness.

* falta de honradez = dishonesty.

* falta de idoneidad = unsuitability, inaptness.

* falta de importancia = worthlessness.

* falta de información = lack of information.

* falta de interés por cooperar = unresponsiveness.

* falta de linealidad = nonlinearity [no-linearity], nonlinearity [no-linearity].

* falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.

* falta de mérito = unworthiness.

* falta de misericordia = ruthlessness.

* falta de moderación = intemperance.

* falta de moralidad = amorality, immoral conduct.

* falta de notoriedad = low profile.

* falta de ortografía = misspelling [mis-spelling], spelling error.

* falta de oxigenación = oxygen starvation.

* falta de oxígeno = oxygen starvation.

* falta de personal = undermanning.

* falta de pertinencia = irrelevance.

* falta de peso = underweight.

* falta de piedad = ruthlessness.

* falta de precisión = fuzziness, looseness, looseness of fit.

* falta de predisposición = disinclination.

* falta de preparación = unpreparedness.

* falta de profesionalidad = amateurism, unprofessional conduct, professional misconduct.

* falta de pruebas = lack of evidence to the contrary.

* falta de puntualidad = unpunctuality.

* falta de renovación = non-renewal.

* falta de representación = under-representation [underrepresentation].

* falta de resolución = procrastination.

* falta de respeto = disrespect, irreverence, diss, diss.

* falta de rigidez = looseness, looseness of fit.

* falta de sensibilidad = insensitivity.

* falta de sentido = meaninglessness.

* falta de seriedad = flippancy.

* falta de sinceridad = insincerity.

* falta de tiempo = tightness of scheduling.

* falta de uniformidad = patchiness, unevenness.

* falta de unión = disunity.

* falta de valía = unworthiness.

* falta de valor = worthlessness, act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.

* falta de visión de futuro = shortsightedness, nearsightedness [near-sightedness], myopia.

* falta de voluntad = reluctance.

* falta leve = peccadillo [peccadilloes, -pl.], lesser sin.

* falta ortográfica = spelling mistake.

* faltas y defectos = faults and inadequacies, snags and pitfalls, snags and problems.

* hacer falta = need, must, have to, it + take.

* no hace falta decir que = it goes without saying that, needless to say.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* que falta = missing.

* remediar la falta de = remedy + the lack of.

* sacar faltas = find + fault with.

* sacarle faltas a todo = nitpick.

* sin falta = without fail.

* subsanar una falta = remedy + fault.

* tarea falta de interés = chore.

* tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.

* ver faltas en = see + faults in.

* * *

falta

feminine

A (carencia, ausencia) falta DE algo lack OF sth

por falta de fondos owing to a lack of funds

no se pudo terminar por falta de tiempo we could not finish it because we ran out of time o we did not have enough time o owing to lack of time

falta de personal staff shortage

es por la falta de costumbre it's because I'm/you're not used to it

¿por qué no vienes? — no es por falta de ganas why don't you come? — it's not that I don't want to

siente mucho la falta de su hijo she misses her son terribly

a falta de un nombre mejor for want of a better name

a falta de información más detallada in the absence of more detailed information

a falta de pan buenas son (las) tortas or ( Méx) a falta de pan, tortillas half a loaf is better than none

echar algo en falta: aquí lo que se echa en falta es un poco de formalidad what's needed around here is a more serious attitude

echó en falta algunas de sus alhajas she realized some of her jewelry was missing

se echará mucho en falta su aporte her contribution will be greatly missed

B (inasistencia) absence

le pusieron falta they marked her down as absent

tienes más de 30 faltas you have been absent over 30 times

sin falta without fail

C (de la menstruación) missed period

es la segunda falta I've missed two periods

D

hacer falta: hace falta mucha paciencia para tratar con él you need a lot of patience to deal with him

no hace falta que se queden los dos there's no need for both of you to stay

¡hace falta ser tonto para creerse eso! you have to be stupid to believe that!

le hace falta descansar he needs to rest

a ver si te cortas el pelo, que buena falta te hace ( fam); it's high time o it's about time you got your hair cut ( colloq)

me haces mucha falta (te necesito) I need you very much; (te echo de menos) ( AmL) I miss you terribly, I miss you very much

ni falta que (me/te/le) hace ( fam); so what? ( colloq), who cares? ( colloq)

nos hace tanta falta como los perros en misa ( fam); that's all we need, we need it like we need a hole in the head ( colloq)

E (infracción, omisión) offense*

incurrir en una falta grave to commit a serious misdemeanor*

fue una falta de respeto contestarle así it was very rude o disrespectful of you to answer him like that

agarrar or coger a algn en falta to catch sb out

Compuestos:

● falta de educación

es una falta de educación poner los codos sobre la mesa it's bad manners to put your elbows on the table

● falta de lesiones

( Der) (minor) bodily harm

acusar a algn de falta de lesiones to accuse sb of causing bodily harm

● falta de ortografía

spelling mistake

● falta de pago

nonpayment

F ( Dep)

1 (infracción — en fútbol, baloncesto) foul; (— en tenis) fault

el árbitro pitó falta the referee gave o awarded a foul

2 (tiro libre — en fútbol) free kick; (— en balonmano) free throw

* * *

Del verbo faltar: ( conjugate faltar)

falta es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
falta
faltar
falta sustantivo femenino
1 (carencia, ausencia) falta de algo ‹de interés/dinero› lack of sth;
◊ falta de personal staff shortage;

es la falta de costumbre it's because I'm/you're not used to it;
fue una falta de respeto it was very rude of you/him/her/them;
eso es una falta de educación that's bad manners;
a falta de más información in the absence of more information
2 ( inasistencia) tb
◊ falta de asistencia absence;

le pusieron falta they marked her down as absent
3
a)

◊ hacer falta: no hace falta que se queden there's no need for you to stay;

si hace falta … if necessary …;
hacen falta dos vasos más we need two more glasses;
le hace falta descansar he/she needs to rest
b)

◊ sin falta without fail

4 ( defecto) fault;
◊ a pesar de todas sus faltas in spite of all his faults;

sacarle or encontrarle faltas a algo to find fault with sth;
falta de ortografía spelling mistake
5 (Dep)
a) ( infracción — en fútbol, baloncesto) foul;

(— en tenis) fault
b) ( tiro libre — en fútbol) free kick;

(— en balonmano) free throw
faltar ( conjugate faltar) verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( no estar) to be missing;

◊ ¿quién falta? who's missing?;

(en colegio, reunión) who's absent?;
◊ te falta un botón you have a button missing;

a esta taza le falta el asa there's no handle on this cup
b) ( no haber suficiente):

◊ va a falta vino there won't be enough wine;

nos faltó tiempo we didn't have enough time
c) ( hacer falta):

◊ le falta alguien que la aconseje she needs someone to advise her;

les falta cariño they need affection
2 ( quedar):
◊ yo estoy lista ¿a ti te falta mucho? I'm ready, will you be long?;

nos falta poco para terminar we're almost finished;
me faltan tres páginas para terminar el libro I have three pages to go to finish the book;
solo me falta pasarlo a máquina all I have to do is type it out;
falta poco para Navidad it's not long until Christmas;
faltan cinco minutos para que empiece there are five minutes to go before it starts;
¡no faltaba más! ( respuesta — a un agradecimiento) don't mention it!;

(— a una petición) of course, certainly;
(— a un ofrecimiento) I wouldn't hear of it!
3
a) ( no asistir):

◊ te esperamos, no faltes we're expecting you, make sure you come;

falta a algo ‹ al colegio› to be absent from sth;

‹ a una cita› to miss sth;
◊ falta a clase to skip lessons;

ha faltado dos veces al trabajo she's been off work twice
b) ( no cumplir):

◊ faltó a su promesa he didn't keep his promise;

¡no me faltes al respeto! don't be rude to me
falta sustantivo femenino
1 lack: se perdió la cosecha por falta de lluvia, the harvest was lost through lack of rain
2 (ausencia) absence: no notaron su falta, they didn't miss him
3 (imperfección) fault, defect: tiene faltas de ortografía, he made some spelling mistakes
4 Jur misdemeanour
5 Dep Ftb foul
Ten fault
♦ Locuciones: echar algo/a alguien en falta, to miss sthg/sb
hacer falta, to be necessary: (nos) hace falta un reloj, we need a watch
no hace falta que lo veas, there is no need for you to see it
sin falta, without fail
faltar verbo intransitivo
1 (estar ausente) to be missing: falta el jefe, the boss is missing
2 (no tener) to be lacking: le falta personalidad, he lacks personality
3 (restar) to be left: aún falta para la Navidad, it's a long time until Christmas
faltó poco para que ganaran, they very nearly won
no falta nada por hacer, there's nothing more to be done
sólo me falta el último capítulo por leer, I've only got the last chapter to read
4 (no acudir) tu hermano faltó a la cita, your brother didn't turn up/come
5 (incumplir) eso es faltar a la verdad, that is not telling the truth
faltar uno a su palabra, to break one's word
6 (insultar) faltar a alguien, to be rude to someone: ¡sin faltar!, don't be rude!
(ofender) no era mi intención faltarte al respeto, I didn't mean to be rude to you
♦ Locuciones: ¡lo que faltaba!, that's all it needed!
¡no faltaba más!, (but) of course!
' falta' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acrecentar
- adolecer
- ante
- apagada
- apagado
- apercibirse
- apuro
- área
- atonía
- bajeza
- bastarse
- cachondeo
- calor
- carencia
- cometer
- deberse
- debilidad
- delicadeza
- desenfreno
- desgana
- desprecio
- desvergüenza
- dimanar
- distracción
- echar
- educación
- enervar
- enjuagar
- error
- estrechez
- evidenciar
- faltar
- flojedad
- hígado
- incorrección
- informalidad
- injusticia
- inquietud
- inseguridad
- insignificancia
- lastre
- ligereza
- linier
- naturalidad
- ñoñería
- ñoñez
- orden
- osadía
- oscuridad
- pecado
English:
absence
- amiss
- antibiotic
- application
- badly
- carry on
- catch out
- close down
- coordination
- dark
- deficiency
- deprivation
- difference
- diffidence
- disagreement
- disrespect
- fail
- failing
- failure
- fall through
- fault
- folding
- foul
- half-heartedness
- hate
- if
- impurity
- infringement
- joblessness
- lack
- liability
- marble
- microphone
- miss
- missing
- mistake
- muscle
- nearly
- necessary
- need
- news
- numb
- off
- out of
- persuasion
- practice
- practise
- remain
- remorselessness
- self-doubt

* * *

falta nf

1. [ausencia] absence;
[carencia] lack; [escasez] shortage;
nadie notó su falta nobody noticed his/its absence;

estos animales tienen falta de cariño these animals suffer from a lack of affection;

en estos momentos hay falta de trabajo there's a shortage of work at the moment;

la falta de agua impide el desarrollo de la región water is in short supply in the region, something which is holding back its development;

estoy cometiendo muchos errores, es la falta de costumbre I'm making a lot of mistakes, I'm out of practice;

fue absuelto por falta de pruebas he was acquitted for lack of evidence;

ha sido una falta de delicadeza decirle eso it was tactless of you to say that to him;

es una falta de educación it's bad manners;

es una falta de respeto it shows a lack of respect;

¡qué o [m5] vaya falta de seriedad! it's disgraceful!;

a falta de in the absence of;

a falta de un sitio mejor, podríamos ir a la playa in the absence of anywhere better, we could always go to the beach;

echar en falta algo/a alguien [notar la ausencia de] to notice that sth/sb is missing;
[echar de menos] to miss sth/sb;
no fuimos de vacaciones por falta de dinero we didn't go on holiday because we didn't have enough money;

si no voy contigo no es por falta de ganas if I don't go with you, it isn't because I don't want to;

sin falta without fail;

hemos de entregar este proyecto el lunes sin falta this project has to be handed in on Monday without fail;

Comp

a falta de pan, buenas son tortas: no es lo ideal, pero a falta de pan, buenas son tortas it's not ideal, but it will have to do for want of anything better

2.
hacer falta [ser necesario] to be necessary;

me hace falta suerte I need some luck;

me haces mucha falta I really need you;

si hiciera falta, llámanos if necessary, call us;

¡hace falta ser caradura!, ¡volver a pedirme dinero! what a nerve, asking me for money again!;

espero que lo traten con disciplina, que buena falta le hace I hope they are strict with him, he certainly needs it o it's high time someone was;

no va a venir, ni falta que hace she isn't coming, not that anyone cares

3. [no asistencia] absence;

me han puesto dos faltas este mes I was marked absent twice this month

Comp
falta de asistencia absence
4. [imperfección] fault;
[defecto de fábrica] defect, flaw;
sacarle faltas a algo/alguien to find fault with sth/sb

5. [infracción] misdemeanour, offence;
[incumplimiento] breach; [error] mistake;
una falta contra la disciplina a breach of discipline;

falta grave/leve serious/minor misdemeanour o offence;

he tenido tres faltas en el dictado I made three mistakes in my dictation

Comp
falta de ortografía spelling mistake; Com falta de pago non-payment
6. Dep [infracción] foul;
[en tenis] fault;
cometer o [m5] hacer una falta to commit a foul;

cometer o [m5] hacer una falta a alguien to foul sb;

señalar una falta to give o award a free kick

Comp
falta antideportiva [en baloncesto] unsportsmanlike foul;
falta libre directa direct free kick offence;

falta libre indirecta indirect free kick offence;

falta personal [en baloncesto] personal foul;

falta de pie [en tenis] foot fault;

falta de saque [en tenis] service fault;

falta técnica [en baloncesto] technical foul

7. Dep [tiro libre] free kick;

marcar de falta to score from a free kick;

lanzar o [m5] sacar una falta to take a free kick

Comp
falta libre directa direct free kick;
falta libre indirecta indirect free kick

8. [en la menstruación] missed period;

ha tenido ya dos faltas she has missed two periods

* * *

falta

f

1 ( escasez) lack, want;

falta de lack of, shortage of;

a o

por falta de due to o for lack of;

por falta de tiempo due to o for o

through lack of time;

por falta de capital for lack of capital

2 ( error) mistake;

sin faltas perfect

3 ( ausencia) absence;

echar en falta a alguien miss s.o.

4 en tenis fault; en fútbol, baloncesto foul;

hacer una falta en fútbol commit a foul, foul;

hacerle falta a alguien foul s.o.;

doble falta en tenis double fault;

cometer doble falta double-fault

5 DEP ( tiro libre) free kick;

lanzar una falta take a free kick;

marcar de falta score from a free kick;

pitar falta blow one’s whistle for a free kick

6

:

hacer falta be necessary;

buena falta le hace it’s about time;

no me hace falta I don’t need it;

ni falta que hace he/it won’t be missed, he’s/it’s no great loss

7

:

sin falta without fail

* * *

falta nf

1) carencia: lack

hacer falta: to be lacking, to be needed

2) defecto: defect, fault, error

3) : offense, misdemeanor

4) : foul (in basketball), fault (in tennis)

* * *

falta n

1. (carencia, escasez) lack / shortage

hubo falta de alimentos there was a shortage of food

2. (ausencia) absence

la profesora le puso una falta the teacher marked him down as absent

3. (error) mistake

una falta de ortografía a spelling mistake

4. (acción censurable) offence

fue una falta de respeto it was very rude of you

5. (en fútbol, baloncesto) foul

cometió una falta he committed a foul

6. (en tenis) fault

echar en falta to miss

echaba en falta a su familia he missed his family

eché en falta varios libros I realized some of my books were missing

hacer falta to need

no hace falta que vengas you don't need to come / there's no need for you to come

te hace falta un bolígrafo rojo you need a red pen

sin falta without fail

Spanish-English dictionary > falta
16 switchboard
коммутатор
Устройство, обеспечивающее посредством включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей выбор требуемой выходной цепи и соединение с ней входной цепи
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
- commutator
- switchboard
DE
FR
- commutateur
коммутаторная панель
распределительный щит
Устройство, конструктивно объединяющее несколько коммутационных элементов, предназначенных для включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей и каналов связи в ручном режиме.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
Синонимы
- распределительный щит
EN
- switchboard
коммутационный щит
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- switchboard
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
распределительное устройство
Распределительным устройством (РУ) называется электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая сборные и соединительные шины, коммутационные аппараты, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[РД 34.20.185-94]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, предназначенная для приема и распределения электрической энергии на одном напряжении и содержащая коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные шины [секции шин], устройства управления и защиты.
Примечание. К устройствам управления относятся аппараты и связывающие их элементы обеспечивающие контроль, измерение, сигнализацию и выполнение команд.
[ ГОСТ 24291-90]
[ ГОСТ Р 53685-2009]

электрическое распределительное устройство
распределительное устройство
Устройство, предназначенное для приема и распределения электроэнергии на одном напряжении и содержащее коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные соединительные устройства.
Примечание. В состав распределительного устройства дополнительно могут входить устройства защиты и управления
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая коммутационные аппараты, сборные и соединительные шины, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[ПОТ Р М-016-2001]
[РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]

устройство распределительное
Совокупность аппаратов и приборов для приёма и распределения электроэнергии одного напряжения, вырабатываемой электростанцией или преобразуемой подстанцией
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

EN

switching substation
a substation which includes switchgear and usually busbars, but no power transformers
[IEV number 605-01-02]

FR

poste de sectionnement
poste de coupure
poste comprenant des organes de manoeuvre et généralement des jeux de barres, à l'exclusion de transformateurs de puissance
[IEV number 605-01-02]

В качестве РУ 6—10 кВ используется сборка высокого напряжения с однополюсными разъединителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения и одна камера КСО с выключателем нагрузки и предохранителями для подключения трансформатора. Для РУ 0,4 кВ применяются сборки низкого напряжения с предохранителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения.
На ПС применяются открытые (ОРУ), закрытые (ЗРУ) или комплектные (КРУ) распределительные устройства.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ

В общем случае ПС и РУ являются составной частью электроустановок, которые различаются:
- по назначению:
  - генерирующие,
  - преобразовательно-распределительные,
  - потребительские.
    
    Генерирующие электроустановки служат для выработки электроэнергии, преобразовательно-распределительные электроустановки преобразуют электроэнергию в удобный для передачи и потребления вид, передают ее и распределяют между потребителями;
- по роду тока:
  - постоянного тока,
  - переменного тока.
- по напряжению:
  - до 1000 В,
  - выше 1000 В.
Шкала номинальных напряжений ограничена сравнительно небольшим числом стандартных значений, благодаря чему изготавливается небольшое число типоразмеров машин и оборудования, а электросети выполняются более экономичными. В установках трехфазного тока номинальным напряжением принято считать напряжение между фазами (междуфазовое напряжение). Согласно ГОСТ 29322—92 установлена следующая шкала номинальных напряжений:

для электросетей переменного тока частотой 50 Гц междуфазовое напряжение должно быть: 12, 24, 36, 42, 127, 220, 380 В; 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 110, 150, 220, 330, 500, 750 и 1150 кВ;
для электросетей постоянного тока: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 110, 220, 440, 660, 825, 3000 В и выше.
- по способу присоединения к электросети ПС разделяются на:
  - тупиковые (блочные),
  - ответвительные (блочные),
  - проходные (транзитные)
  - узловые.
Тупиковые ПС получают питание по одной или двум тупиковым ВЛ.

Ответвительные ПС присоединяются ответвлением к одной или двум проходящим ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Проходные ПС включаются в рассечку одной или двух проходящих ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Узловые ПС кроме питающих имеют отходящие радиальные или транзитные ВЛ.
- по способу управления ПС могут быть:
  - только с телесигнализацией,
  - телеуправляемыми с телесигнализацией,
  - с телесигнализацией и управлением с общеподстанционного пункта управления (ОПУ).
Подстанции оперативно обслуживаются постоянным дежурным персоналом на щите управления, дежурными на дому или оперативно-выездными бригадами (ОВБ). Ремонт ПС осуществляется специализированными выездными бригадами централизованного ремонта или местным персоналом подстанции.

В РУ напряжением до 1000 В провода, шины, аппараты, приборы и конструкции выбирают как по нормальным условиям работы (напряжению и току), так и по термическим и динамическим воздействиям токов коротких замыканий (КЗ) или предельно допустимой отключаемой мощности.

В РУ и ПС напряжением выше 1000 В расстояния между электрооборудованием, аппаратами, токоведущими частями, изоляторами, ограждениями и конструкциями устанавливаются так, чтобы при нормальном режиме работы электроустановки возникающие физические явления (температура нагрева, электрическая дуга, выброс газов, искрение и др.) не могли привести к повреждению оборудования и КЗ.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:
- By the current rating.
- By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely interrupt)
  - Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents
  - Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents
  - Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very small.
- By voltage class:
  - Low voltage (less than 1,000 volts AC)
  - Medium voltage (1,000–35,000 volts AC)
  - High voltage (more than 35,000 volts AC)
- By insulating medium:
  - Air
  - Gas (SF6 or mixtures)
  - Oil
  - Vacuum
- By construction type:
  - Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type)
  - Outdoor
  - Industrial
  - Utility
  - Marine
  - Draw-out elements (removable without many tools)
  - Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
  - Live-front
  - Dead-front
  - Open
  - Metal-enclosed
  - Metal-clad
  - Metal enclosed & Metal clad
  - Arc-resistant
- By IEC degree of internal separation
  - No Separation (Form 1)
  - Busbars separated from functional units (Form 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from busbars (Form 2b, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from each other (Form 3a, 3b)
  - Functional units separated from each other (Form 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from each other (Form 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit (Form 4b)
- By interrupting device:
- By operating method:
  - Manually operated
  - Motor/stored energy operated
  - Solenoid operated
- By type of current:
  - Alternating current
  - Direct current
- By application:
  - Transmission system
  - Distribution
- By purpose
  - Isolating switches (disconnectors)
  - Load-break switches.
  - Grounding (earthing) switches
A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually operated switches may all exist in the same row of cubicles.

Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.

[Robert W. Smeaton (ed) Switchgear and Control Handbook 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, new York 1997]
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_switchgear]

Тематики
- электрификация, электроснабж. железных дорог
- электроагрегаты генераторные
- электробезопасность
- электроснабжение в целом
Синонимы
- РУ
- электрическое распределительное устройство
EN
DE
- Schaltanlage
- Schaltstation
FR
распределительный щит
Комплектное устройство, содержащее различную коммутационную аппаратуру, соединенное с одной или более отходящими электрическими цепями, питающееся от одной или более входящих цепей, вместе с зажимами для присоединения нейтральных и защитных проводников.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

щит распределительный
Электротехническое устройство, объединяющее коммутационную, регулирующую и защитную аппаратуру, а также контрольно-измерительные и сигнальные приборы
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

распределительный щит
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

EN

distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

FR

tableau de répartition, m
ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Distribution switchboards, including the Main LV Switchboard (MLVS), are critical to the dependability of an electrical installation. They must comply with well-defined standards governing the design and construction of LV switchgear assemblies

A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function. It represents a key link in the dependability chain.

Consequently, the type of distribution switchboard must be perfectly adapted to its application. Its design and construction must comply with applicable standards and working practises.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительные щиты, включая главный распределительный щит низкого напряжения (ГРЩ), играют решающую роль в обеспечении надежности электроустановки. Они должны отвечать требованиям соответствующих стандартов, определяющих конструкцию и порядок изготовления НКУ распределения электроэнергии.

В распределительном щите выполняется прием электроэнергии и ее распределение по отдельным цепям, каждая из которых контролируется и защищается плавкими предохранителями или автоматическими выключателями.
Распределительный щит состоит из функциональных блоков, включающих в себя все электрические и механические элементы, необходимые для выполнения требуемой функции. Распределительный щит представляет собой ключевое звено в цепи обеспечения надежности.

Тип распределительного щита должен соответствовать области применения. Конструкция и изготовление распределительного щита должны удовлетворять требованиям применимых стандартов и учитывать накопленную практику применения.

[Перевод Интент]

Рис. Schneider Electric

With Prisma Plus G you can be sure to build 100% Schneider Electric switchboards that are safe, optimised:

> All components (switchgear, distribution blocks, prefabricated connections, etc.) are perfectly rated and coordinated to work together;

> All switchboard configurations, even the most demanding ones, have been tested.

You can prove that your switchboard meets the current standards, at any time.

You can be sure to build a reliable electrical installation and give your customers full satisfaction in terms of dependability and safety for people and the installation.

Prisma Plus G with its discreet design, blends harmoniously into all tertiary and industrial buildings, including in entrance halls and passageways.

With Prisma Plus G you can build just the right switchboard for your customer, sized precisely to fit costs and needs.

With this complete, prefabricated and tested system, it's easy to upgrade your installation and still maintain the performance levels.

> The wall-mounted and floor-standing enclosures combine easily with switchboards already in service.

> Devices can be replaced or added at any time.

[Schneider Electric]

С помощью оболочек Prisma Plus G можно создавать безопасные распределительные щиты, на 100 % состоящие из изделий Schneider Electric:

> все изделия (коммутационная аппаратура, распределительные блоки, готовые заводские соединения и т. д.) полностью совместимы механически и электрически;

> все варианты компоновки распределительных щитов, в том числе для наиболее ответственных применений, прошли испытания.

В любое время вы можете доказать, что ваши распределительные щиты полностью соответствуют требованиям действующих стандартов.

Вы можете быть полностью уверены в том, что создаете надежные электроустановки, удовлетворяющие всем требованиям безопасности для людей и оборудования

Благодаря строгому дизайну, распределительные щиты Prisma Plus G гармонично сочетаются с интерьером любого общественного или промышленного здания. Они хорошо смотрятся и в вестибюле, и в коридоре.

Применяя оболочки Prisma Plus G можно создавать распределительные щиты, точно соответствующие требованиям заказчика как с точки зрения технических характеристик, так и стоимости.

С помощью данной испытанной системы, содержащей все необходимые компоненты заводского изготовления можно легко модернизировать существующую электроустановку и поддерживать её уровни производительности.

> Навесные и напольные оболочки можно легко присоединить к уже эксплуатируемым распределительным щитам.

> Аппаратуру можно заменять или добавлять в любое время.

[Перевод Интент]

The switchboard, central to the electrical installation.

Both the point of arrival of energy and a device for distribution to the site applications, the LV switchboard is the intelligence of the system, central to the electrical installation.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительный щит – «сердце» электроустановки.

Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения является «сердцем» электроустановки, поскольку именно оно принимает электроэнергию из сети и распределяет её по территориально распределенным нагрузкам.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
EN
DE
- elektrischer Verteiler, m
- Schalttafel
- Verteiler, m
FR
- tableau de distribution
- tableau de répartition, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchboard
17 постоянный ток
1. direct current
2. DC
3. constant current
постоянный ток
Электрический ток, не изменяющийся во времени.
Примечание — Аналогично определяют постоянные электрическое напряжение, электродвижущую силу, магнитный поток и т. д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52002-2003]
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
For definition, the electric current called “direct” has a unidirectional trend constant in time.
As a matter of fact, by analyzing the motion of the charges at a point crossed by a direct current, it results that the quantity of charge (Q) flowing through that point (or better, through that cross section) in each instant is always the same.
[ABB]

Постоянным током называется электрический ток, значение и направление которого, не изменяются во времени.
Если рассматривать постоянный ток как прохождение элементарных электрических зарядов через определенную точку, то значение заряда (Q), протекающего через эту точку (а вернее через это поперечное сечение проводника) за единицу времени будет постоянным.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current, which was once the main means of distributing electric power, is still widespread today in the electrical plants supplying particular industrial applications.

The advantages in terms of settings, offered by the employ of d.c. motors and by supply through a single line, make direct current supply a good solution for railway and underground systems, trams, lifts and other transport means.

In addition, direct current is used in conversion plants (installations where different types of energy are converted into electrical direct energy, e.g. photovoltaic plants) and, above all, in those emergency applications where an auxiliary energy source is required to supply essential services, such as protection systems, emergency lighting, wards and factories, alarm systems, computer centers, etc..

Accumulators - for example – constitute the most reliable energy source for these services, both directly in direct current as well as by means of uninterruptible power supply units (UPS), when loads are supplied in alternating current.
[ABB]

Когда-то электрическая энергия передавалась и распределялась только на постоянном токе. Но и в настоящее время в отдельных отраслях промышленности постоянный ток применяется достаточно широко.

Возможности использования двигателей постоянного тока и передачи электроэнергии по линии с меньшим числом проводников дают неоспоримые преимущества при электроснабжении железных дорог, подземного транспорта, трамваев, лифтов и т. д.

Кроме того, существуют источники постоянного тока, являющиеся преобразователями различных видов энергии непосредственно в электрическую энергию, например, фотоэлектрические станции. Дополнительные источники постоянного тока применяют в аварийных ситуациях для питания систем защиты, аварийного освещения жилых районов и на производстве, систем сигнализации, компьютерных центров и т. д.

Для решения указанных задач наиболее подходящим источником электроэнергии является аккумулятор. Нагрузки постоянного тока получают электропитание непосредственно от аккумулятора. Нагрузки переменного тока – от источника бесперебойного питания (ИБП), частью которого является аккумулятор.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current can be generated:
- by using batteries or accumulators where the current is generated directly through chemical processes;
- by the rectification of alternating current through rectifiers (static conversion);
- by the conversion of mechanical work into electrical energy using dynamos (production through rotating machines).
[ABB]

Постоянный ток можно получить следующими способами:
- от аккумуляторов, в которых электрическая энергия образуется за счет происходящих внутри аккумулятора химических реакций;
- выпрямлением переменного тока с помощью выпрямителей (статических преобразователей);
- преобразованием механической энергии в электрическую с помощью генераторов постоянного тока (вращающихся машин).
[Перевод Интент]

In the low voltage field, direct current is used for different applications, which, in the following pages, have been divided into four macrofamilies including:

- conversion into other forms of electrical energy (photovoltaic plants, above all where accumulator batteries are used);
- electric traction (tram-lines, underground railways, etc.);
- supply of emergency or auxiliary services;
- particular industrial installations (electrolytic processes, etc.).
[ABB]

Можно выделить четыре области применения постоянного тока в низковольтных электроустановках:

- преобразование различных видов энергии в электрическую (фотоэлектрические установки с аккумуляторными батареями);
- энергоснабжение транспорта на электрической тяге (трамваи, метро и т. д.)
- электропитание аварийных или вспомогательных служб;
- специальные промышленные установки (например, с использованием электролитических процессов и т. п.).
[Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- постоянный электрический ток
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > постоянный ток
18 DC
двойной контакт
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
дрейфовая камера
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- drift chamber
- DC
завершение проекта
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
изменение конструкции или проекта
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- design change
- DC
канал (передачи) данных
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- data channel
- DC
канал дренажей
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- drain channel
- DC
компенсация дисперсии
(МСЭ-Т G.959.1).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- dispersion compensation
- DC
конденсатор выпара
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- dump condenser
- DC
контроль документооборота
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- document control
- DC
описание (функциональная связь)
—
[ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]]

Тематики
- релейная защита
EN
- description (functional constraint)
- DC
осаждённая угольная частица
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- deposited carbon
- DC
отстойник (осветлитель)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- decanter
- DC
охладитель дренажей на ТЭС
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- drain cooler
- DC
постоянный ток
Электрический ток, не изменяющийся во времени.
Примечание — Аналогично определяют постоянные электрическое напряжение, электродвижущую силу, магнитный поток и т. д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52002-2003]
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
For definition, the electric current called “direct” has a unidirectional trend constant in time.
As a matter of fact, by analyzing the motion of the charges at a point crossed by a direct current, it results that the quantity of charge (Q) flowing through that point (or better, through that cross section) in each instant is always the same.
[ABB]

Постоянным током называется электрический ток, значение и направление которого, не изменяются во времени.
Если рассматривать постоянный ток как прохождение элементарных электрических зарядов через определенную точку, то значение заряда (Q), протекающего через эту точку (а вернее через это поперечное сечение проводника) за единицу времени будет постоянным.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current, which was once the main means of distributing electric power, is still widespread today in the electrical plants supplying particular industrial applications.

The advantages in terms of settings, offered by the employ of d.c. motors and by supply through a single line, make direct current supply a good solution for railway and underground systems, trams, lifts and other transport means.

In addition, direct current is used in conversion plants (installations where different types of energy are converted into electrical direct energy, e.g. photovoltaic plants) and, above all, in those emergency applications where an auxiliary energy source is required to supply essential services, such as protection systems, emergency lighting, wards and factories, alarm systems, computer centers, etc..

Accumulators - for example – constitute the most reliable energy source for these services, both directly in direct current as well as by means of uninterruptible power supply units (UPS), when loads are supplied in alternating current.
[ABB]

Когда-то электрическая энергия передавалась и распределялась только на постоянном токе. Но и в настоящее время в отдельных отраслях промышленности постоянный ток применяется достаточно широко.

Возможности использования двигателей постоянного тока и передачи электроэнергии по линии с меньшим числом проводников дают неоспоримые преимущества при электроснабжении железных дорог, подземного транспорта, трамваев, лифтов и т. д.

Кроме того, существуют источники постоянного тока, являющиеся преобразователями различных видов энергии непосредственно в электрическую энергию, например, фотоэлектрические станции. Дополнительные источники постоянного тока применяют в аварийных ситуациях для питания систем защиты, аварийного освещения жилых районов и на производстве, систем сигнализации, компьютерных центров и т. д.

Для решения указанных задач наиболее подходящим источником электроэнергии является аккумулятор. Нагрузки постоянного тока получают электропитание непосредственно от аккумулятора. Нагрузки переменного тока – от источника бесперебойного питания (ИБП), частью которого является аккумулятор.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current can be generated:
- by using batteries or accumulators where the current is generated directly through chemical processes;
- by the rectification of alternating current through rectifiers (static conversion);
- by the conversion of mechanical work into electrical energy using dynamos (production through rotating machines).
[ABB]

Постоянный ток можно получить следующими способами:
- от аккумуляторов, в которых электрическая энергия образуется за счет происходящих внутри аккумулятора химических реакций;
- выпрямлением переменного тока с помощью выпрямителей (статических преобразователей);
- преобразованием механической энергии в электрическую с помощью генераторов постоянного тока (вращающихся машин).
[Перевод Интент]

In the low voltage field, direct current is used for different applications, which, in the following pages, have been divided into four macrofamilies including:

- conversion into other forms of electrical energy (photovoltaic plants, above all where accumulator batteries are used);
- electric traction (tram-lines, underground railways, etc.);
- supply of emergency or auxiliary services;
- particular industrial installations (electrolytic processes, etc.).
[ABB]

Можно выделить четыре области применения постоянного тока в низковольтных электроустановках:

- преобразование различных видов энергии в электрическую (фотоэлектрические установки с аккумуляторными батареями);
- энергоснабжение транспорта на электрической тяге (трамваи, метро и т. д.)
- электропитание аварийных или вспомогательных служб;
- специальные промышленные установки (например, с использованием электролитических процессов и т. п.).
[Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- постоянный электрический ток
EN
прямое включение
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- direct connection
- DC
пульт диспетчера
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- dispatcher console
- DC
работающий на постоянном токе
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- direct-current
- DC
разработчик проекта
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- design contractor
- DC
сбросной конденсатор
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- dump condenser
- DC
символ управления устройством
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- direct control
- DC
система цифрового управления
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- direct control system
- dc
центр обработки данных
центр обработки и хранения данных
ЦОД
Консолидированный комплекс инженерно-технических средств, обеспечивающий безопасную централизованную обработку, хранение и предоставление данных, сервисов и приложений, а также вычислительную инфраструктуру для автоматизации бизнес-задач компании. ЦОД состоит из следующих элементов: серверного комплекса, хранилища данных, сети передачи данных, инфраструктуры, организационной структуры, системы управления.
[ http://www.dtln.ru/slovar-terminov]

Тематики
- ЦОДы (центры обработки данных)
Синонимы
- центр обработки и хранения данных
- ЦОД
EN
- data center
- DC
цифровая вычислительная машина
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- digital computer
- DC
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > DC
19 constant current
1. ток постоянной величины
2. постоянный ток
постоянный ток
Электрический ток, не изменяющийся во времени.
Примечание — Аналогично определяют постоянные электрическое напряжение, электродвижущую силу, магнитный поток и т. д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52002-2003]
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
For definition, the electric current called “direct” has a unidirectional trend constant in time.
As a matter of fact, by analyzing the motion of the charges at a point crossed by a direct current, it results that the quantity of charge (Q) flowing through that point (or better, through that cross section) in each instant is always the same.
[ABB]

Постоянным током называется электрический ток, значение и направление которого, не изменяются во времени.
Если рассматривать постоянный ток как прохождение элементарных электрических зарядов через определенную точку, то значение заряда (Q), протекающего через эту точку (а вернее через это поперечное сечение проводника) за единицу времени будет постоянным.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current, which was once the main means of distributing electric power, is still widespread today in the electrical plants supplying particular industrial applications.

The advantages in terms of settings, offered by the employ of d.c. motors and by supply through a single line, make direct current supply a good solution for railway and underground systems, trams, lifts and other transport means.

In addition, direct current is used in conversion plants (installations where different types of energy are converted into electrical direct energy, e.g. photovoltaic plants) and, above all, in those emergency applications where an auxiliary energy source is required to supply essential services, such as protection systems, emergency lighting, wards and factories, alarm systems, computer centers, etc..

Accumulators - for example – constitute the most reliable energy source for these services, both directly in direct current as well as by means of uninterruptible power supply units (UPS), when loads are supplied in alternating current.
[ABB]

Когда-то электрическая энергия передавалась и распределялась только на постоянном токе. Но и в настоящее время в отдельных отраслях промышленности постоянный ток применяется достаточно широко.

Возможности использования двигателей постоянного тока и передачи электроэнергии по линии с меньшим числом проводников дают неоспоримые преимущества при электроснабжении железных дорог, подземного транспорта, трамваев, лифтов и т. д.

Кроме того, существуют источники постоянного тока, являющиеся преобразователями различных видов энергии непосредственно в электрическую энергию, например, фотоэлектрические станции. Дополнительные источники постоянного тока применяют в аварийных ситуациях для питания систем защиты, аварийного освещения жилых районов и на производстве, систем сигнализации, компьютерных центров и т. д.

Для решения указанных задач наиболее подходящим источником электроэнергии является аккумулятор. Нагрузки постоянного тока получают электропитание непосредственно от аккумулятора. Нагрузки переменного тока – от источника бесперебойного питания (ИБП), частью которого является аккумулятор.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current can be generated:
- by using batteries or accumulators where the current is generated directly through chemical processes;
- by the rectification of alternating current through rectifiers (static conversion);
- by the conversion of mechanical work into electrical energy using dynamos (production through rotating machines).
[ABB]

Постоянный ток можно получить следующими способами:
- от аккумуляторов, в которых электрическая энергия образуется за счет происходящих внутри аккумулятора химических реакций;
- выпрямлением переменного тока с помощью выпрямителей (статических преобразователей);
- преобразованием механической энергии в электрическую с помощью генераторов постоянного тока (вращающихся машин).
[Перевод Интент]

In the low voltage field, direct current is used for different applications, which, in the following pages, have been divided into four macrofamilies including:

- conversion into other forms of electrical energy (photovoltaic plants, above all where accumulator batteries are used);
- electric traction (tram-lines, underground railways, etc.);
- supply of emergency or auxiliary services;
- particular industrial installations (electrolytic processes, etc.).
[ABB]

Можно выделить четыре области применения постоянного тока в низковольтных электроустановках:

- преобразование различных видов энергии в электрическую (фотоэлектрические установки с аккумуляторными батареями);
- энергоснабжение транспорта на электрической тяге (трамваи, метро и т. д.)
- электропитание аварийных или вспомогательных служб;
- специальные промышленные установки (например, с использованием электролитических процессов и т. п.).
[Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- постоянный электрический ток
EN
ток постоянной величины
неизменный ток
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- неизменный ток
EN
- constant current
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > constant current
20 direct current
1. постоянный ток
постоянный ток
Электрический ток, не изменяющийся во времени.
Примечание — Аналогично определяют постоянные электрическое напряжение, электродвижущую силу, магнитный поток и т. д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52002-2003]
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
For definition, the electric current called “direct” has a unidirectional trend constant in time.
As a matter of fact, by analyzing the motion of the charges at a point crossed by a direct current, it results that the quantity of charge (Q) flowing through that point (or better, through that cross section) in each instant is always the same.
[ABB]

Постоянным током называется электрический ток, значение и направление которого, не изменяются во времени.
Если рассматривать постоянный ток как прохождение элементарных электрических зарядов через определенную точку, то значение заряда (Q), протекающего через эту точку (а вернее через это поперечное сечение проводника) за единицу времени будет постоянным.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current, which was once the main means of distributing electric power, is still widespread today in the electrical plants supplying particular industrial applications.

The advantages in terms of settings, offered by the employ of d.c. motors and by supply through a single line, make direct current supply a good solution for railway and underground systems, trams, lifts and other transport means.

In addition, direct current is used in conversion plants (installations where different types of energy are converted into electrical direct energy, e.g. photovoltaic plants) and, above all, in those emergency applications where an auxiliary energy source is required to supply essential services, such as protection systems, emergency lighting, wards and factories, alarm systems, computer centers, etc..

Accumulators - for example – constitute the most reliable energy source for these services, both directly in direct current as well as by means of uninterruptible power supply units (UPS), when loads are supplied in alternating current.
[ABB]

Когда-то электрическая энергия передавалась и распределялась только на постоянном токе. Но и в настоящее время в отдельных отраслях промышленности постоянный ток применяется достаточно широко.

Возможности использования двигателей постоянного тока и передачи электроэнергии по линии с меньшим числом проводников дают неоспоримые преимущества при электроснабжении железных дорог, подземного транспорта, трамваев, лифтов и т. д.

Кроме того, существуют источники постоянного тока, являющиеся преобразователями различных видов энергии непосредственно в электрическую энергию, например, фотоэлектрические станции. Дополнительные источники постоянного тока применяют в аварийных ситуациях для питания систем защиты, аварийного освещения жилых районов и на производстве, систем сигнализации, компьютерных центров и т. д.

Для решения указанных задач наиболее подходящим источником электроэнергии является аккумулятор. Нагрузки постоянного тока получают электропитание непосредственно от аккумулятора. Нагрузки переменного тока – от источника бесперебойного питания (ИБП), частью которого является аккумулятор.
[Перевод Интент]

Direct current can be generated:
- by using batteries or accumulators where the current is generated directly through chemical processes;
- by the rectification of alternating current through rectifiers (static conversion);
- by the conversion of mechanical work into electrical energy using dynamos (production through rotating machines).
[ABB]

Постоянный ток можно получить следующими способами:
- от аккумуляторов, в которых электрическая энергия образуется за счет происходящих внутри аккумулятора химических реакций;
- выпрямлением переменного тока с помощью выпрямителей (статических преобразователей);
- преобразованием механической энергии в электрическую с помощью генераторов постоянного тока (вращающихся машин).
[Перевод Интент]

In the low voltage field, direct current is used for different applications, which, in the following pages, have been divided into four macrofamilies including:

- conversion into other forms of electrical energy (photovoltaic plants, above all where accumulator batteries are used);
- electric traction (tram-lines, underground railways, etc.);
- supply of emergency or auxiliary services;
- particular industrial installations (electrolytic processes, etc.).
[ABB]

Можно выделить четыре области применения постоянного тока в низковольтных электроустановках:

- преобразование различных видов энергии в электрическую (фотоэлектрические установки с аккумуляторными батареями);
- энергоснабжение транспорта на электрической тяге (трамваи, метро и т. д.)
- электропитание аварийных или вспомогательных служб;
- специальные промышленные установки (например, с использованием электролитических процессов и т. п.).
[Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- постоянный электрический ток
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > direct current

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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low — 1 adjective 1 NOT HIGH a) having a top that is not far above the ground: He jumped over the low wall. | a long low building b) at a point that is not far above the ground: low clouds | Put the books on the lowest shelf. c) below the usual height … Longman dictionary of contemporary English

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

been in low supply

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